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Psychological distress in adolescence and later economic and health outcomes in the United States population: A retrospective and modeling study

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  • Nathaniel Z Counts
  • Noemi Kreif
  • Timothy B Creedon
  • David E Bloom

Abstract

Background: Federal policy impact analyses in the United States do not incorporate the potential economic benefits of adolescent mental health policies. Understanding the extent to which economic benefits may offset policy costs would support more effective policymaking. This study estimates the relationship between adolescent psychological distress and later health and economic outcomes and uses these estimates to determine the potential economic effects of a hypothetical policy. Methods and findings: This analysis estimated the relationship between psychological distress in those aged 15 to 17 years in 2000 and economic and health outcomes approximately 10 years later, accounting for an array of explanatory variables using machine learning–enabled methods. The cohort was from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 and nationally representative of those aged 12 to 18 years in 1997. The cohort included 3,343 individuals under age 18 years in round 4 who completed the Mental Health Inventory-5 (MHI-5). Round 1 captured 50 explanatory variables that covered domains of potential confounders, including basic demographics, neighborhood environment, family resources, family processes, physical health, school quality, and academic skills. The exposure included a binary variable of clinically significant psychological distress (MHI-5 score of less than or equal to 3) and a categorical variable of symptom severity on the MHI-5. Outcomes covered domains of employment, income, total assets at age 30 years, education, and health approximately 10 years later. Conclusions: Our findings showed the impacts of adolescent mental health policies on the federal budget and found potentially large effects on the economy if policies achieve population-level change. Nathaniel Counts and colleagues estimate the relationship between adolescent psychological distress and later health and economic outcomes, and use these estimates to determine the potential economic impact of a hypothetical policy.Why was this study done?: What did the researchers do and find?: What do these findings mean?:

Suggested Citation

  • Nathaniel Z Counts & Noemi Kreif & Timothy B Creedon & David E Bloom, 2025. "Psychological distress in adolescence and later economic and health outcomes in the United States population: A retrospective and modeling study," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 22(1), pages 1-23, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pmed00:1004506
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004506
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