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A Farm-Level Financial Analysis of Farmers' Use of Futures and Options under Alternative Farm Programs

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  • Calum G. Turvey
  • Timothy G. Baker

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate the relationships of farm programs and farm finance on farmers' decisions to hedge with futures or options. Results from a two-period discrete sequential stochastic programming model of the farm firm indicates two important points. First, farmers' use of futures and options decreases in the presence of loan rates and target prices, and second, farms with high debt hedge more than farms with low debt. The results imply that evaluating farmers' use of futures and options based solely on market risks may exclude important information, namely participation in farm programs and the farm's capital structure.

Suggested Citation

  • Calum G. Turvey & Timothy G. Baker, 1990. "A Farm-Level Financial Analysis of Farmers' Use of Futures and Options under Alternative Farm Programs," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 72(4), pages 946-957.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:ajagec:v:72:y:1990:i:4:p:946-957.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Brent A. Gloy & Timothy G. Baker, 2002. "The Importance of Financial Leverage and Risk Aversion in Risk-Management Strategy Selection," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 84(4), pages 1130-1143.
    2. Dorfman, Jeffrey H. & Pennings, Joost M.E. & Philip Garcia, 2010. "Is Hedging a Habit? Hedging Ratio Determination of Cotton Producers," Journal of Agribusiness, Agricultural Economics Association of Georgia, vol. 28(1).
    3. Power, Gabriel J. & Vedenov, Dmitry V., 2008. "The Shape of the Optimal Hedge Ratio: Modeling Joint Spot-Futures Prices using an Empirical Copula-GARCH Model," 2008 Conference, April 21-22, 2008, St. Louis, Missouri 37609, NCCC-134 Conference on Applied Commodity Price Analysis, Forecasting, and Market Risk Management.
    4. Apland, Jeffrey & Hauer, Grant, 1993. "Discrete Stochastic Programming: Concepts, Examples And A Review Of Empirical Applications," Staff Papers 13793, University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics.
    5. Betubiza, Eustacius N. & Leatham, David J., 1994. "The Effects of Holding Nonfarm Related Financial Assets On Risk-Adjusted Farm Income," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 26(2), pages 565-579, December.
    6. Jeffrey Harrison & Matthew Hart & Derek Oler, 2014. "Leverage and acquisition performance," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 43(3), pages 571-603, October.
    7. Calum G. Turvey, 2006. "Managing food industry business and financial risks with commodity-linked credit instruments," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(4), pages 523-545.
    8. Pennings, Joost M.E. & Garcia, Philip & Irwin, Scott H. & Good, Darrel L., 2003. "How To Group Market Participants? Heterogeneity In Hedging Behavior," 2003 Annual meeting, July 27-30, Montreal, Canada 21963, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
    9. Pedersen, Michael Friis, 2012. "Reallocation of price risk among members," 123rd Seminar, February 23-24, 2012, Dublin, Ireland 122529, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    10. Pennings, Joost M.E. & Egelkraut, Thorsten M., 2003. "Research in Agricultural Futures Markets: Integrating the Finance and Marketing Approach," German Journal of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Department for Agricultural Economics, vol. 52(06), pages 1-9.
    11. Allan W. Gray & Michael D. Boehlje & Brent A. Gloy & Stephen P. Slinsky, 2004. "How U.S. Farm Programs and Crop Revenue Insurance Affect Returns to Farm Land," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 26(2), pages 238-253.
    12. Ahumada, Omar & Villalobos, J. Rene, 2009. "Application of planning models in the agri-food supply chain: A review," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 196(1), pages 1-20, July.
    13. Pennings, Joost M. E. & Garcia, Philip, 2004. "Hedging behavior in small and medium-sized enterprises: The role of unobserved heterogeneity," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(5), pages 951-978, May.
    14. Lei, Li-Fen, 1992. "Using futures and option contracts to manage price and quantity risk: A case of corn farmers in central Iowa," ISU General Staff Papers 1992010108000011326, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
    15. Pedersen, Michael, 2015. "Reallocation of Price Risk among Cooperative Members," 2015 Conference, August 9-14, 2015, Milan, Italy 212616, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    16. Turvey, Calum G. & Chantarat, Sommarat, 2006. "Weather-Linked Bonds," 2006 Agricultural and Rural Finance Markets in Transition, October 2-3, 2006, Washington, DC 133091, Regional Research Committee NC-1014: Agricultural and Rural Finance Markets in Transition.
    17. Barry Smit & Mark Skinner, 2002. "Adaptation options in agriculture to climate change: a typology," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 7(1), pages 85-114, March.
    18. Bown, A.N. & Ortmann, G.F. & Darroch, M.A.G., 1999. "Use Of Maize Marketing Alternatives And Price Risk Management Tools By Commercial Maize Farmers In South Africa," Agrekon, Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA), vol. 38(3).
    19. Gray, Allan W. & Boehlje, Michael & Gloy, Brent A. & Slinsky, Stephen P., 2002. "Government Program Payment Mechanisms, Crop Revenue Coverage Insurance, and the Return to Farm Land," 2002 Regional Committee NC-221, October 7-8, 2002, Denver, Colorado 132370, Regional Research Committee NC-1014: Agricultural and Rural Finance Markets in Transition.

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