IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/lpe/efijnl/202210.html

Simultaneous Relationship between Financial Inclusion, Economic Growth, and Income Inequality in Sulawesi Island, 2011–2019

Author

Listed:
  • Adella Siti Nursaliyawati

    (Politeknik Statistika STIS, Indonesia)

  • Siskarossa Ika Oktora

    (Politeknik Statistika STIS, Indonesia)

Abstract

Sulawesi Island has fairly high economic growth but is not followed by a significant decrease in income inequality. Therefore, a new strategy is needed to overcome these problems, one of them by increasing the role of the financial sector through financial inclusion. This study aims to analyze the relationship between financial inclusion, economic growth, and income inequality, as well as the factors influencing them in Sulawesi Island from 2011 to 2019. The analytical method used is the simultaneous equation model with panel data using the EC2SLS model. The results show that there is a simultaneous relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth and also between economic growth and income inequality. Economic growth has a positive and significant effect on financial inclusion. Financial inclusion, foreign direct investment, and government spending have a positive and significant effect, while income inequality has a negative and significant effect on economic growth. Financial inclusion and inflation have a positive and significant effect, while economic growth has a negative and significant effect on income inequality. Thus, this study can show that financial inclusion can reduce income inequality by promoting economic growth.

Suggested Citation

  • Adella Siti Nursaliyawati & Siskarossa Ika Oktora, 2022. "Simultaneous Relationship between Financial Inclusion, Economic Growth, and Income Inequality in Sulawesi Island, 2011–2019," Economics and Finance in Indonesia, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Indonesia, vol. 68, pages 132-148, Desember.
    • Handle: RePEc:lpe:efijnl:202210
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://lpem.org/repec/lpe/efijnl/202210.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Huang, Ho-Chuan (River) & Lin, Yi-Chen & Yeh, Chih-Chuan, 2009. "Joint determinations of inequality and growth," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 103(3), pages 163-166, June.
    2. Cyn-Young Park & Rogelio Mercado, 2018. "Financial Inclusion, Poverty, And Income Inequality," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 63(01), pages 185-206, March.
    3. Abdul Karim, Zulkefly & Nizam, Rosmah & Law, Siong Hook & Hassan, M. Kabir, 2022. "Does Financial Inclusiveness Affect Economic Growth? New Evidence Using a Dynamic Panel Threshold Regression," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 46(PA).
    4. Hossein Jalilian & Colin Kirkpatrick, 2005. "Does Financial Development Contribute to Poverty Reduction?," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(4), pages 636-656.
    5. Purva Khera & Miss Stephanie Y Ng & Ms. Sumiko Ogawa & Ms. Ratna Sahay, 2021. "Digital Financial Inclusion in Emerging and Developing Economies: A New Index," IMF Working Papers 2021/090, International Monetary Fund.
    6. Greaney, Theresa M. & Karacaovali, Baybars, 2017. "Editorial: Trade, growth and economic inequality in the Asia-Pacific region," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 1-5.
    7. Greenwood, Jeremy & Jovanovic, Boyan, 1990. "Financial Development, Growth, and the Distribution of Income," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(5), pages 1076-1107, October.
    8. Chow, Sheung Chi & Vieito, João Paulo & Wong, Wing Keung, 2019. "Do both demand-following and supply-leading theories hold true in developing countries?," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 513(C), pages 536-554.
    9. Md Abdullah Omar & Kazuo Inaba, 2020. "Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis," Journal of Economic Structures, Springer;Pan-Pacific Association of Input-Output Studies (PAPAIOS), vol. 9(1), pages 1-25, December.
    10. repec:uii:journl:v:9:y:2017:i:2:p:181-188 is not listed on IDEAS
    11. Theresa M. GREANEY & Baybars KARACAOVALI, 2017. "Trade, Growth and Economic Inequality in the Asia-Pacific Region: Lessons for Policymakers," Journal of Economics and Political Economy, EconSciences Journals, vol. 4(2), pages 135-143, June.
    12. Malik Cahyadin, 2020. "The linkage between globalisation and financial inclusion: Do inequality and institutions matter?," Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, Universitas Islam Indonesia, vol. 12(2), pages 220-233.
    13. H. Naci Mocan, 1999. "Structural Unemployment, Cyclical Unemployment, and Income Inequality," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 81(1), pages 122-134, February.
    14. Chakravarty, Satya R. & Pal, Rupayan, 2013. "Financial inclusion in India: An axiomatic approach," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 813-837.
    15. Dinabandhu Sethi & Debashis Acharya, 2018. "Financial inclusion and economic growth linkage: some cross country evidence," Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 10(3), pages 369-385, June.
    16. Evans, Olaniyi, 2016. "Determinants of Financial Inclusion in Africa: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach," MPRA Paper 81326, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    17. Loan Thi-Hong Van & Anh The Vo & Nhan Thien Nguyen & Duc Hong Vo, 2021. "Financial Inclusion and Economic GROWTH: An International Evidence," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(1), pages 239-263, January.
    18. Francois Bourguignon, 2004. "The Poverty-growth-inequality triangle," Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi Working Papers 125, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi, India.
    19. Claessens, Stijn & Perotti, Enrico, 2007. "Finance and inequality: Channels and evidence," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 748-773, December.
    20. Trang Thi-Huyen Dinh & Duc Hong Vo & Anh The Vo & Thang Cong Nguyen, 2019. "Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in the Short Run and Long Run: Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-11, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Amiratul Nadiah Hasan & Mansor Ibrahim & Kinan Salim, 2026. "Financial inclusion and macroeconomic outcomes in developing economies: pre-COVID insights on growth, stability, and inequality," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 1-14, December.
    2. Setianto, Rahmat Heru & Azman-Saini, W.N.W. & Law, Siong Hook, 2025. "Does financial inclusion affect corporate risk-taking?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    3. Shahzad Hussain & Ajid ur Rehman & Sabeeh Ullah & Abdul Waheed & Shoaib Hassan, 2024. "Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth: Comparative Panel Evidence from Developed and Developing Asian Countries," SAGE Open, , vol. 14(1), pages 21582440241, February.
    4. Nasir Khan & Mahwish Zafar & Abiodun Funso Okunlola & Zeman Zoltan & Magda Robert, 2022. "Effects of Financial Inclusion on Economic Growth, Poverty, Sustainability, and Financial Efficiency: Evidence from the G20 Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-19, October.
    5. Basnayake, Dananjani & Naranpanawa, Athula & Selvanathan, Saroja & Bandara, Jayatilleke S., 2025. "Financial inclusion and institutional quality: Catalysts for economic growth in Asia-Pacific countries," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 37(C).
    6. Peterson K. Ozili & David Mhlanga, 2024. "Why is financial inclusion so popular? An analysis of development buzzwords," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(1), pages 231-253, January.
    7. Amit Pandey & Ravi Kiran & Rakesh Kumar Sharma, 2023. "Investigating the Determinants of Financial Inclusion in BRICS Economies: Panel Data Analysis Using Fixed-Effect and Cross-Section Random Effect," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-21, January.
    8. Minhaj Ali & Shujahat H. Hashmi & Muhammad R. Nazir & Ahmer Bilal & Muhammad I. Nazir, 2021. "Does financial inclusion enhance economic growth? Empirical evidence from the IsDB member countries," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(4), pages 5235-5258, October.
    9. repec:bjc:journl:v:9:y:2022:i:2:p:84-94 is not listed on IDEAS
    10. David Damiyano & Stephen Mago, 2023. "An Analysis of the Impact of Financial Inclusion on Poverty and Development: Case of SACU Countries," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 13(6), pages 141-147, November.
    11. Alexandra Horobet & Maria-Alexandra Dalu & Iulian Marinescu & Lucian Belascu & Sofia Adriana Dumitrescu & Ioannis Kostakis, 2025. "Financial Inclusion, Technology, and Income Inequality in Europe," The AMFITEATRU ECONOMIC journal, Academy of Economic Studies - Bucharest, Romania, vol. 27(68), pages 1-93, February.
    12. Muhammad Shahbaz & Mita Bhattacharya & Mantu Kumar Mahalik, 2017. "Finance and income inequality in Kazakhstan: evidence since transition with policy suggestions," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(52), pages 5337-5351, November.
    13. E. Bonhoure & R. Bawack, 2024. "Review of the Coverage of Financial Inclusion Research Since the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals: What Has Changed?," Post-Print hal-04828293, HAL.
    14. Rajesh Barik & Parthajit Kayal, 2025. "Financial Inclusion and Electricity Consumption: A Cross-Country Study of Upper-Middle and Lower-Middle Income Countries," Working Papers 2025-277, Madras School of Economics,Chennai,India.
    15. Zhian Zhiow Augustinne Wong & Ramez Abubakr Badeeb & Abey P. Philip, 2023. "Financial Inclusion, Poverty, and Income Inequality in ASEAN Countries: Does Financial Innovation Matter?," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 169(1), pages 471-503, September.
    16. Cakal-Velagic Jurdal & Silajdzic Sabina, 2024. "The Effects of Macroeconomic and Financial Development on Income Inequality: Evidence from the Western Balkans," South East European Journal of Economics and Business, Sciendo, vol. 19(1), pages 50-62.
    17. Kim, Dong-Hyeon & Lin, Shu-Chin, 2011. "Nonlinearity in the financial developmentâincome inequality nexus," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 310-325, September.
    18. Dong-Hyeon Kim & Joyce Hsieh & Shu-Chin Lin, 2021. "Financial liberalization, political institutions, and income inequality," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 60(3), pages 1245-1281, March.
    19. de Moraes, Claudio Oliveira & Roquete, Raphael Moses & Gawryszewski, Gustavo, 2023. "Who needs cash? Digital finance and income inequality," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 84-93.
    20. Sabyasachi Tripathi & Meenakshi Rajeev, 2023. "Gender-Inclusive Development through Fintech: Studying Gender-Based Digital Financial Inclusion in a Cross-Country Setting," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-34, June.
    21. Biruk Birhanu Ashenafi & Yan Dong, 2022. "Financial Inclusion, Fintech, and Income Inequality in Africa," FinTech, MDPI, vol. 1(4), pages 1-12, November.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • O11 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
    • R11 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General Regional Economics - - - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:lpe:efijnl:202210. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Muhammad Halley Yudhistira The email address of this maintainer does not seem to be valid anymore. Please ask Muhammad Halley Yudhistira to update the entry or send us the correct address (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/feuinid.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.