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Finance and income inequality in Kazakhstan: evidence since transition with policy suggestions

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  • Muhammad Shahbaz
  • Mita Bhattacharya
  • Mantu Kumar Mahalik

Abstract

Kazakhstan gained independence in 1990 and has undergone significant changes in economic, social and trade conditions since then. We analyse the effects of financial development on income inequality in Kazakhstan, incorporating economic growth, foreign investment, education and the role of democracy as the drivers. We establish that income inequality in Kazakhstan is impaired by financial development. In summary, we send three messages for policy purposes. First, strengthening financial sector is necessary to close the gap between ‘haves and have-nots’. Second, attracting FDI beyond the hydrocarbon sector is necessary to alleviate inequality. Finally, adaptation of education system to the new social and economic environment would help in improving income distribution.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Shahbaz & Mita Bhattacharya & Mantu Kumar Mahalik, 2017. "Finance and income inequality in Kazakhstan: evidence since transition with policy suggestions," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(52), pages 5337-5351, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:applec:v:49:y:2017:i:52:p:5337-5351
    DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2017.1305095
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    1. Norhasimah Shaharuddin & Mohd Hafiz Abd. Wahab & Nik Rozila Nik Masdek & Norzitah Abdul Karim & Bushra Mohd Zaki & Salwaty Jamaludin, 2023. "Does Financial Development and Corruption reduce the level of Income Inequality? Evidence from Malaysia," Information Management and Business Review, AMH International, vol. 15(3), pages 108-116.
    2. Mohamed Chakroun, 2020. "Threshold effects in the relationship between financial development and income inequality," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(3), pages 365-387, July.
    3. Kamel Bel Hadj Miled & Moheddine Younsi & Monia Landolsi, 2022. "Does microfinance program innovation reduce income inequality? Cross-country and panel data analysis," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 11(1), pages 1-15, December.
    4. Khadijah Iddrisu, 2024. "Foreign bank presence and income inequality in Africa: What role does economic freedom play?," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 10(1), pages 1-14, December.
    5. Muhammad Shahbaz & Muhammad Shafiullah & Mantu K. Mahalik, 2019. "The dynamics of financial development, globalisation, economic growth and life expectancy in sub‐Saharan Africa," Australian Economic Papers, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 58(4), pages 444-479, December.
    6. YOUNSI, Moheddine & BECHTINI, Marwa, 2018. "Economic Growth, Financial Development and Income Inequality in BRICS Countries: Evidence from Panel Granger Causality Tests," MPRA Paper 85182, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Emmanuel Opoku & Kwasi Poku & Daniel Domeher, 2024. "Financial Inclusion, Human Capital Development and Economic Growth in Africa: An Examination of the Transmission Channel," SAGE Open, , vol. 14(3), pages 21582440241, August.
    8. Shahzad Mushtaq & Moheddine Younsi & Zoofshan Sagheer, 2025. "Non-linearity Between Finance and Income Inequality: A Panel Data Analysis for EAGLE Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 16(2), pages 10136-10163, June.
    9. Sudeshna Ghosh, 2022. "Effects of tourism on carbon dioxide emissions, a panel causality analysis with new data sets," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 3884-3906, March.
    10. Moheddine Younsi & Marwa Bechtini, 2020. "Economic Growth, Financial Development, and Income Inequality in BRICS Countries: Does Kuznets’ Inverted U-Shaped Curve Exist?," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 11(2), pages 721-742, June.
    11. Mallick, Hrushikesh & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Sahoo, Manoranjan, 2018. "Is crude oil price detrimental to domestic private investment for an emerging economy? The role of public sector investment and financial sector development in an era of globalization," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 307-324.
    12. Prao Yao Séraphin & Kongoza Kouassi Cyrille, 2023. "Nonlinear Effect of Financial Development on Income Inequality: The Case of Ivory Coast," International Journal of Business and Management, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 17(6), pages 1-57, February.
    13. Xu, Yujie & Wang, Yinan, 2023. "Has financial development made income more equal? – From the perspective of regional development imbalance," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    14. Carolyn Chisadza & Mduduzi Biyase, 2023. "Financial Development and Income Inequality: Evidence From Advanced, Emerging and Developing Economies," Annals of Financial Economics (AFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 18(01), pages 1-27, March.
    15. Abdul Rahim Ridzuan & Shahsuzan Zakaria & Bayu Arie Fianto & Nora Yusma Mohamed Yusoff & Nor Fatimah Che Sulaiman & Mohamad Idham Md Razak & Siswantini Siswantini & Arsiyanti Lestari, 2021. "Nexus between Financial Development and Income Inequality before Pandemic Covid-19: Does Financial Kuznets Curve Exist in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines?," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(2), pages 260-271.

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    JEL classification:

    • C3 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables

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