IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jbuset/v204y2026i1d10.1007_s10551-025-05966-2.html

Transparency in Place of Fair Insurance Pricing

Author

Listed:
  • Nicos A. Scordis

    (Maurice R. Greenberg School of Risk Management, Insurance and Actuarial Science, Peter J. Tobin College of Business, St. John’s University)

Abstract

The literature on insurance pricing fairness is anchored in the duality of solidarity pricing and individualized pricing. However, within both these pricing frameworks, conflicting principles of fair pricing emerge. I explain that such conflicts arise because the capital insurers need to pay consumers’ claims is a shared asset, and the total volatility consumers contribute to the insurer is non-linear. Since studies show that enacting transparency in pricing enhances consumer acceptance of the resulting prices, instead of pursuing idealized but contested fairness, I argue for pricing that insurance consumers perceive and accept as fair. I conclude with a hypothetical insurance pricing simulator in the form of a first-person game.

Suggested Citation

  • Nicos A. Scordis, 2026. "Transparency in Place of Fair Insurance Pricing," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 204(1), pages 91-104, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:kap:jbuset:v:204:y:2026:i:1:d:10.1007_s10551-025-05966-2
    DOI: 10.1007/s10551-025-05966-2
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10551-025-05966-2
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10551-025-05966-2?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Maxime C. Cohen & Adam N. Elmachtoub & Xiao Lei, 2022. "Price Discrimination with Fairness Constraints," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(12), pages 8536-8552, December.
    2. Nadine Gatzert & Madeline Schubert, 2022. "Cyber risk management in the US banking and insurance industry: A textual and empirical analysis of determinants and value," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 89(3), pages 725-763, September.
    3. Maiju Tanninen & Turo-Kimmo Lehtonen & Minna Ruckenstein, 2021. "Tracking lives, forging markets," Journal of Cultural Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(4), pages 449-463, July.
    4. Wakker, Peter P & Thaler, Richard H & Tversky, Amos, 1997. "Probabilistic Insurance," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 15(1), pages 7-28, October.
    5. Charles N. Noussair & Stefan T. Trautmann & Gijs van de Kuilen, 2014. "Higher Order Risk Attitudes, Demographics, and Financial Decisions," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 81(1), pages 325-355.
    6. Richards, Timothy J. & Liaukonyte, Jura & Streletskaya, Nadia A., 2016. "Personalized pricing and price fairness," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 138-153.
    7. Linda L. Golden & Patrick L. Brockett & Jing Ai & Bruce Kellison, 2016. "Empirical Evidence on the Use of Credit Scoring for Predicting Insurance Losses with Psycho-social and Biochemical Explanations," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(3), pages 233-251, July.
    8. Adam Nguyen & Juan Meng, 2013. "Whether and to What Extent Consumers Demand Fair Pricing Behavior for Its Own Sake," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 114(3), pages 529-547, May.
    9. Jacob Dexe & Ulrik Franke & Kasia Söderlund & Niels Berkel & Rikke Hagensby Jensen & Nea Lepinkäinen & Juho Vaiste, 2022. "Explaining automated decision-making: a multinational study of the GDPR right to meaningful information," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 47(3), pages 669-697, July.
    10. Mathias Lindholm & Ronald Richman & Andreas Tsanakas & Mario V. Wuthrich, 2022. "A Discussion of Discrimination and Fairness in Insurance Pricing," Papers 2209.00858, arXiv.org.
    11. Mei Wang & Marc Oliver Rieger & Sebastian Reitz & Yanping He-Ulbricht, 2023. "Economic Individualism, Perceived Fairness, and Policy Preference: A Cross-Cultural Comparison," Review of Behavioral Economics, now publishers, vol. 10(1), pages 3-26, April.
    12. Sylvestre Frezal & Laurence Barry, 2020. "Fairness in Uncertainty: Some Limits and Misinterpretations of Actuarial Fairness," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 167(1), pages 127-136, November.
    13. Xavier Landes, 2015. "How Fair Is Actuarial Fairness?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 128(3), pages 519-533, May.
    14. Kunreuther, Howard & Novemsky, Nathan & Kahneman, Daniel, 2001. "Making Low Probabilities Useful," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 103-120, September.
    15. Lindholm, M. & Richman, R. & Tsanakas, A. & Wüthrich, M.V., 2022. "Discrimination-Free Insurance Pricing," ASTIN Bulletin, Cambridge University Press, vol. 52(1), pages 55-89, January.
    16. Richards, Timothy & Liaukonyte, Jura & Nadia, Streletskya, 2016. "Personalized Pricing and Price Fairness," 2016 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Boston, Massachusetts 235809, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    17. Anja Zimmer & Helmut Gründl & Christian D. Schade & Franca Glenzer, 2018. "An Incentive†Compatible Experiment on Probabilistic Insurance and Implications for an Insurer's Solvency Level," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 85(1), pages 245-273, March.
    18. Stanley R. Adamson & David L. Eckles & Stephen Haggard, 2014. "Insurer Opacity and Ownership Structure," Journal of Insurance Issues, Western Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 37(2), pages 93-134.
    19. Doherty, Neil A & Garven, James R, 1986. "Price Regulation in Property-Liability Insurance: A Contingent-Claims Approach," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 41(5), pages 1031-1050, December.
    20. Carolina Orozco‐Garcia & Hato Schmeiser, 2019. "Is Fair Pricing Possible? An Analysis of Participating Life Insurance Portfolios," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 86(2), pages 521-560, June.
    21. Chatterjee, Indradeb & Macdonald, Angus S. & Tapadar, Pradip & Thomas, R. Guy, 2021. "When is utilitarian welfare higher under insurance risk pooling?," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(PB), pages 289-301.
    22. Michael Rothschild & Joseph Stiglitz, 1976. "Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets: An Essay on the Economics of Imperfect Information," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 90(4), pages 629-649.
    23. Turo-Kimmo Lehtonen & Jyri Liukko, 2011. "The Forms and Limits of Insurance Solidarity," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 103(1), pages 33-44, April.
    24. Martin Eling & Ruo Jia & Philipp Schaper, 2022. "The magic triangle: growth, profitability and safety in the insurance industry," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice, Palgrave Macmillan;The Geneva Association, vol. 47(2), pages 321-348, April.
    25. Md Shamim Hossain & Mst Farjana Rahman, 2023. "Customer Sentiment Analysis and Prediction of Insurance Products’ Reviews Using Machine Learning Approaches," FIIB Business Review, , vol. 12(4), pages 386-402, December.
    26. Gielissen, R. & Dutilh, C.E. & Graafland, J.J., 2008. "Perceptions of price fairness: An empirical research," MPRA Paper 20275, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    27. Antonio J. Heras & Pierre-Charles Pradier & David Teira, 2024. "A Contractarian Approach to Actuarial Fairness," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-05405298, HAL.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Markus Huggenberger & Peter Albrecht, 2022. "Risk pooling and solvency regulation: A policyholder's perspective," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 89(4), pages 907-950, December.
    2. Nan Zhang & Heng Xu, 2024. "Fairness of Ratemaking for Catastrophe Insurance: Lessons from Machine Learning," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 35(2), pages 469-488, June.
    3. Mankaï, Selim & Marchand, Sébastien & Le, Ngoc Ha, 2024. "Valuing insurance against small probability risks: A meta-analysis," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    4. Fei Huang & Silvana M. Pesenti, 2025. "Marginal Fairness: Fair Decision-Making under Risk Measures," Papers 2505.18895, arXiv.org.
    5. Sebastian Schlütter, 2019. "Optimal taxation in non-life insurance markets," The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (The Geneva Association), vol. 44(1), pages 1-26, March.
    6. Helmut Gründl & Danjela Guxha & Anastasia Kartasheva & Hato Schmeiser, 2021. "Insurability of pandemic risks," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 88(4), pages 863-902, December.
    7. Glenn W. Harrison & Jia Min Ng, 2019. "Behavioral insurance and economic theory: A literature review," Risk Management and Insurance Review, American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 22(2), pages 133-182, July.
    8. Sebastian Schlütter, 2019. "Optimal taxation in non-life insurance markets," The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Theory, Springer;International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (The Geneva Association), vol. 44(1), pages 1-26, March.
    9. Boonen, Tim J. & Liu, Fangda, 2022. "Insurance with heterogeneous preferences," Journal of Mathematical Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    10. Boone, J., 2014. "Basic versus Supplementary Health Insurance : The Role of Cost Effectiveness and Prevalence," Other publications TiSEM be4cbf5b-f13b-460a-a9cc-1, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    11. Timo R. Lambregts & Paul Bruggen & Han Bleichrodt, 2021. "Correction to: Insurance decisions under nonperformance risk and ambiguity," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 63(3), pages 255-255, December.
    12. Peter, Richard & Ying, Jie, 2020. "Do you trust your insurer? Ambiguity about contract nonperformance and optimal insurance demand," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 938-954.
    13. Thi Minh Hang Vu & Sylvie Llosa, 2018. "Analyzing influences of Revenue Management on customers’ perceived fairness, price acceptance and switching intention in the Service industry," Post-Print hal-01934845, HAL.
    14. Mao, Zhixin & Duan, Yongrui & Liu, Wenxia, 2023. "Consumers’ choice of private label considering reference price and moderating effect," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    15. Charpentier, Arthur & Le Maux, Benoît, 2014. "Natural catastrophe insurance: How should the government intervene?," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 1-17.
    16. Chatterjee, Indradeb & Hao, MingJie & Tapadar, Pradip & Thomas, R. Guy, 2024. "Can price collars increase insurance loss coverage?," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 74-94.
    17. Marco Di Francesco & Roberta Simonella, 2023. "A stochastic Asset Liability Management model for life insurance companies," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 37(1), pages 61-94, March.
    18. Roman N. Schulze & Thomas Post, 2010. "Individual Annuity Demand Under Aggregate Mortality Risk," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 77(2), pages 423-449, June.
    19. Kimia Heidary & Helen Pluut, 2025. "All is (not) fair in personalized pricing: antecedents and outcomes of consumer fairness perceptions," Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 24(3), pages 204-221, June.
    20. Martin Petricek & Stepan Chalupa & Karel Chadt, 2020. "Identification of Consumer Behavior Based on Price Elasticity: A Case Study of the Prague Market of Accommodation Services," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-14, November.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kap:jbuset:v:204:y:2026:i:1:d:10.1007_s10551-025-05966-2. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.