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The Nexus between Terrorism, Infrastructure and Tourism Industry in Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Munir Ahmed

    (COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan.)

  • M. Azfar Anwar

    (COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan.)

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to empirically determine the impact of terrorism and infrastructure on tourism industry of Pakistan. The article answers the questions such as “How terrorism (proxy number of terrorism related incidents) effect on tourism (tourists arrival) in Pakistan?†and “How infrastructure (% of paved roads) on tourism in Pakistan?†Methodology: To answer these questions data on annual tourists arrival in Pakistan (proxy for tourism), number of fatalities in a year (proxy for terrorism) and percentage of paved roads (proxy for infrastructure) have been collected for 1989 to 2011 and linear regression was applied to find the results. Findings: The article finds that terrorism significantly influences tourism in adverse manner and infrastructure positively influence tourism industry in Pakistan.The article will be helpful for policymakers to make corrective measures to improve tourism in Pakistan. Recommendations: It will realize the government to improve infrastructure and to uproot the terrorism for the development of tourism.

Suggested Citation

  • Munir Ahmed & M. Azfar Anwar, 2016. "The Nexus between Terrorism, Infrastructure and Tourism Industry in Pakistan," International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research (IJEER), The Economics and Social Development Organization (TESDO), vol. 4(1), pages 25-31, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:ijr:journl:v:4:y:2016:i:1:p:25-31
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    5. Chen, Andrew H. & Siems, Thomas F., 2004. "The effects of terrorism on global capital markets," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 349-366, June.
    6. Rony Pshisva & Gustavo A. Suarez, 2006. "'Captive markets': the impact of kidnappings on corporate investment in Colombia," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2006-18, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    7. Enders, Walter & Sandler, Todd, 1996. "Terrorism and Foreign Direct Investment in Spain and Greece," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(3), pages 331-352.
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    Cited by:

    1. Farah Siddiqui & Danish Ahmed Siddiqui, 2019. "Causality between Tourism and Foreign Direct Investment: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan," Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 7(1), pages 27-44, March.
    2. Zia Ullah & Rana Tahir Naveed & Atta Ur Rehman & Naveed Ahmad & Miklas Scholz & Mohammad Adnan & Heesup Han, 2021. "Towards the Development of Sustainable Tourism in Pakistan: A Study of the Role of Tour Operators," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-17, April.
    3. Nadeem Ullah & Shagufta Zada & Muhammad Amir Siddique & Yike Hu & Heesup Han & Alejandro Vega-Muñoz & Guido Salazar-Sepúlveda, 2021. "Driving Factors of the Health and Wellness Tourism Industry: A Sharing Economy Perspective Evidence from KPK Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-16, December.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Terrorism; Tourism; Infrastructure; Pakistan;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F2 - International Economics - - International Factor Movements and International Business

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