IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/ibn/masjnl/v3y2009i5p96.html

Defense Spending and Income Inequality: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries

Author

Listed:
  • M.T. Hirnissa
  • Muzafar Habibullah
  • A.H. Baharom

Abstract

This paper examines the causality between defense spending and income inequality in selected Asian countries namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, India and South Korea for the period 1970-2005. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure is employed to (1) analyze the impact of defense spending on income inequality and (2) the impact of income inequality on defense spending as well. Interestingly our results indicate one way causality running from defense spending to income inequality only for the case of Malaysia and bidirectional causality for the case of Singapore. As for the remaining countries, no meaningful relationship could be detected and it can be seen as sign of good governance in these countries.

Suggested Citation

  • M.T. Hirnissa & Muzafar Habibullah & A.H. Baharom, 2009. "Defense Spending and Income Inequality: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries," Modern Applied Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 3(5), pages 1-96, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:ibn:masjnl:v:3:y:2009:i:5:p:96
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/mas/article/download/1944/1848
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/mas/article/view/1944
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Anindya Banerjee & Juan Dolado & Ricardo Mestre, 1998. "Error‐correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in a Single‐equation Framework," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 19(3), pages 267-283, May.
    2. Yousif Khalifa Al-Yousif, 2002. "Defense Spending and Economic Growth: Some Empirical Evidence from the Arab Gulf Region," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(3), pages 187-197.
    3. Wayne Nafziger, E. & Auvinen, Juha, 2002. "Economic Development, Inequality, War, and State Violence," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 153-163, February.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yemane Wolde-Rufael, 2016. "Military expenditure and income distribution in South Korea," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(4), pages 571-581, August.
    2. Mduduzi Biyase & Hinaunye Eita & Thomas Bilaliib Udimal & Talent Thebe Zwane, 2024. "Does military spending affect inequality in South Africa? A revisit," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(1), pages 2421698-242, December.
    3. Unal Tongur & Adem Yavuz Elveren, 2012. "Military Expenditures, Inequality, and Welfare and Political Regimes: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis," ERC Working Papers 1210, ERC - Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University, revised Dec 2012.
    4. Ying Zhang & Rui Wang & Dongqi Yao, 2017. "Does defence expenditure have a spillover effect on income inequality? A cross-regional analysis in China," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(6), pages 731-749, November.
    5. Mduduzi Biyase & Hinaunye Eita & Thomas Udimal & Talent Zwane, 2022. "Military Spending and Inequality in South Africa: An ARDL Bound Testing Approach to Cointegration," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 75(2), pages 241-268.
    6. Muhammad, Shahbaz & Reza, Sherafatian-Jahromi & Muhammad, Nasir Malik, 2012. "Linkages between Defence Spending and Income Inequality in Iran," MPRA Paper 41983, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 14 Oct 2012.
    7. Raihan, Selim, 2022. "What Does Data on Functional Income Distribution tell us about Trends in and Correlates of Income Inequality in The Asia-Pacific?," Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, vol. 56(3), pages 45-64.
    8. Unal Tongur & Sara Hsu & Adem Yavuz Elveren, 2013. "Military Expenditures and Political Regimes: An Analysis Using Global Data, 1963-2001," ERC Working Papers 1307, ERC - Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University, revised Jul 2013.
    9. Caruso Raul & Antonella Biscione, 2022. "Militarization and Income Inequality in European Countries (2000–2017)," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 28(3), pages 267-285, September.
    10. Yemane Wolde-Rufael, 2016. "Defence Spending and Income Inequality in Taiwan," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(6), pages 871-884, November.
    11. Raihan, Selim, 2021. "Functional Income Distribution and Inequality in the Asia-Pacific Countries," MPRA Paper 110469, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Antonella Biscione & Raul Caruso, 2021. "Military Expenditures and Income Inequality Evidence from a Panel of Transition Countries (1990-2015)," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(1), pages 46-67, January.
    13. Arshian Sharif & Sahar Afshan, 2018. "Does Military Spending Impede Income Inequality? A Comparative Study of Pakistan and India," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 19(2), pages 257-279, April.
    14. çenberci, engin, 2018. "Defense Expenditures and Income Inequality: Evidence from Chosen Euro Using Countries," MPRA Paper 97946, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Georgios Bertsatos & Plutarchos Sakellaris & Mike G. Tsionas, 2022. "Correction to: Extensions of the Pesaran, Shin and Smith (2001) bounds testing procedure," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 62(2), pages 635-635, February.
    2. Mohsen Bahmani-Oskooee & Sujata Saha, 2021. "On the asymmetric effects of exchange rate volatility on the trade flows of India with each of its fourteen partners," Macroeconomics and Finance in Emerging Market Economies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(1), pages 66-85, January.
    3. Okumus, Fevzi & Kocak, Emrah, 2023. "Tourism and economic output: Do asymmetries matter?," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    4. Habibullah, M.S. & Law, Siong-Hook & Dayang-Afizzah, A.M., 2008. "Defense spending and economic growth in Asian economies: A panel error-correction approach," MPRA Paper 12105, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Camgöz, Mevlüt & Topal, Mehmet Hanefi, 2022. "Identifying the asymmetric price dynamics of Islamic equities: Implications for international investors," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    6. Liu, Yaping & Sadiq, Farah & Ali, Wajahat & Kumail, Tafazal, 2022. "Does tourism development, energy consumption, trade openness and economic growth matters for ecological footprint: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve and pollution haven hypothesis for Pakistan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
    7. Christian Urom & Gideon Ndubuisi & Jude Ozor, 2021. "Economic activity, and financial and commodity markets’ shocks: An analysis of implied volatility indexes," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 165, pages 51-66.
    8. Muhammad Ahad & Adeel Ahmad Dar, 2018. "A Dynamic Relationship between Financial Development and Import Demand for Bangladesh: An Evidence from Combine Cointegration and Granger Causality Approach," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 19(3), pages 543-555, June.
    9. Ascarya, 2012. "Transmission Channel And Effectiveness Of Dual Monetary Policy In Indonesia," Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, Bank Indonesia, vol. 14(3), pages 269-298, January.
    10. Sylwester Bejger, 2019. "Wholesale fuel price adjustment in Poland: examination of competi-tive performance," Ekonomia i Prawo, Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, vol. 18(4), pages 385-412, December.
    11. Jiao, Zhilun & Sharma, Rajesh & Kautish, Pradeep & Hussain, Hafezali Iqbal, 2021. "Unveiling the asymmetric impact of exports, oil prices, technological innovations, and income inequality on carbon emissions in India," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    12. Abdhut Deheri & Stefy Carmel, 2024. "Do fluctuations in global crude oil prices have an asymmetric effect on oil product pricing in India?," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 1-22, February.
    13. Zakarie Abdi Warsame & Maria Mohamed Ali & Liban Bile Mohamed & Farhia Hassan Mohamed, 2023. "The Causal Relation between Energy Consumption, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Macroeconomic Variables in Somalia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(3), pages 102-110, May.
    14. Dong-Yop Oh & Hyejin Lee & Karl David Boulware, 2020. "A comment on interest rate pass-through: a non-normal approach," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 59(4), pages 2017-2035, October.
    15. Diby François Kassi & Dilesha Nawadali Rathnayake & Akadje Jean Roland Edjoukou & Yobouet Thierry Gnangoin & Pierre Axel Louembe & Ning Ding & Gang Sun, 2019. "Asymmetry in Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Consumer Prices: New Perspective from Sub-Saharan African Countries," Economies, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-33, January.
    16. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo & Abraham Ayobamiji Awosusi & Seun Damola Oladipupo & Ephraim Bonah Agyekum & Arunkumar Jayakumar & Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, 2021. "Dominance of Fossil Fuels in Japan’s National Energy Mix and Implications for Environmental Sustainability," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-20, July.
    17. Baz, Khan & Xu, Deyi & Ampofo, Gideon Minua Kwaku & Ali, Imad & Khan, Imran & Cheng, Jinhua & Ali, Hashmat, 2019. "Energy consumption and economic growth nexus: New evidence from Pakistan using asymmetric analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    18. Arif Ullah & Kashif Raza & Muhammad Nadeem & Usman Mehmood & Ephraim Bonah Agyekum & Mohamed F. Elnaggar & Ebenezer Agbozo & Salah Kamel, 2022. "Does Globalization Cause Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Pakistan? A Promise to Enlighten the Value of Environmental Quality," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-17, July.
    19. Clement Olalekan Olaniyi & Nicholas Mbaya Odhiambo, 2025. "Modelling asymmetric and nonlinear features in the natural resource wealth-economic complexity nexus: empirical insights from Nigeria," Mineral Economics, Springer;Raw Materials Group (RMG);Luleå University of Technology, vol. 38(1), pages 177-201, March.
    20. Chung Tin Fah, 2019. "Malaysia’s Tax Structure – Aligning Taxes to Higher Income Country," Eurasian Journal of Economics and Finance, Eurasian Publications, vol. 7(2), pages 42-58.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • R00 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - General - - - General
    • Z0 - Other Special Topics - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ibn:masjnl:v:3:y:2009:i:5:p:96. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Canadian Center of Science and Education (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/cepflch.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.