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Defense Expenditures and Income Inequality: Evidence from Chosen Euro Using Countries

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  • çenberci, engin

Abstract

This paper, aims to find the cointegration and the causality between income inequality and defense expenditures in fifteen European Union member countries that used euro currency before, during and after the global economic crises in the period of 2005-2016. Applying cointegration and causality tests to the panel data, the paper aims to fill the gap about income inequality and defense expenditures relation in the literature.

Suggested Citation

  • çenberci, engin, 2018. "Defense Expenditures and Income Inequality: Evidence from Chosen Euro Using Countries," MPRA Paper 97946, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:97946
    as

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    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/97946/1/MPRA_paper_97946.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    2. Im, Kyung So & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 2003. "Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 53-74, July.
    3. Eric S. Lin & Hamid E. Ali, 2009. "Military Spending and Inequality: Panel Granger Causality Test," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 46(5), pages 671-685, September.
    4. Peter Pedroni, 1999. "Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(S1), pages 653-670, November.
    5. repec:ipg:wpaper:2014-513 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Ucal, Meltem & Karabulut, Gokhan & Bilgin, Mehmet Huseyin, 2009. "Military Expenditures and Inequality: Empirical Evidence from Israel," MPRA Paper 48643, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Ünal Töngür & Adem Yavuz Elveren, 2017. "The nexus of economic growth, military expenditures, and income inequality," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 51(4), pages 1821-1842, July.
    8. Granger, C W J, 1969. "Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 37(3), pages 424-438, July.
    9. Raza, Syed Ali & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2014. "To Battle Income Inequality, Focus on Military Expenditures: Lesson from Pakistan," MPRA Paper 57773, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Pedroni, Peter, 1999. "Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Panels with Multiple Regressors," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(0), pages 653-670, Special I.
    11. M.T. Hirnissa & Muzafar Habibullah & A.H. Baharom, 2009. "Defense Spending and Income Inequality: Evidence from Selected Asian Countries," Modern Applied Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 3(5), pages 1-96, May.
    12. Muhammad, Shahbaz & Reza, Sherafatian-Jahromi & Muhammad, Nasir Malik, 2012. "Linkages between Defence Spending and Income Inequality in Iran," MPRA Paper 41983, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 14 Oct 2012.
    13. Levin, Andrew & Lin, Chien-Fu & James Chu, Chia-Shang, 2002. "Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 108(1), pages 1-24, May.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Panel Data Analysis; Defense Expenditures; Income Inequality;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • D63 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
    • H54 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Infrastructures

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