The Role of Social Relations on Sustainable Agricultural Practices and Innovation Adoption among Smallholder Orange Farmers in Muheza District, Tanzania

This study aimed to examine the role of social relations in influencing sustainable agricultural practices, innovation adoption, and market participation among smallholder orange farmers in Mkuzi Village, Muheza District, Tanzania. Specifically, the study investigated- first how trust, cooperation, and networks shape productivity and innovation uptake; second, the barriers posed by mistrust and weak social ties; and third, the institutional and social interventions that can support sustainable farming outcomes. A mixed-methods design was employed, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected through household surveys (n = 60), semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis via SPSS Version 25, while qualitative data were thematically coded using NVivo 12. Findings reveal that strong social relations, characterized by trust, cooperation, and active group membership, were associated with higher adoption of improved inputs, greater market access, and increased resilience. Conversely, weak social networks, insecure land tenure, and theft undermined innovation and investment, particularly among smallholder farmers. The implications of these results underscore the need to strengthen local institutions, promote inclusive cooperatives, improve land tenure systems, and rebuild community trust. The study recommends that policymakers and development practitioners integrate social capital considerations into agricultural programs to enhance sustainability, innovation uptake, and rural livelihoods.