IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v17y2025i16p7546-d1729218.html

Urban Planning Policies and Architectural Design for Sustainable Food Security: A Case Study of Smart Cities in Indonesia

Author

Listed:
  • Rafi Haikal

    (Urbahn International, Jl Kemang Selatan VIII No. 18, South Jakarta 12730, Indonesia)

  • Thoriqi Firdaus

    (Cluster of Interaction, Community Engagement and Social Environment, School of Environmental Science, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
    Natural Science Education, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia)

  • Herdis Herdiansyah

    (School of Environmental Science, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta 10430, Indonesia)

  • Rizqi Shafira Chairunnisa

    (Urbahn International, Jl Kemang Selatan VIII No. 18, South Jakarta 12730, Indonesia)

Abstract

The urgent need for sustainable food systems in Indonesia is hindered by urban planning policies that are disconnected from food security priorities. Smart city planning policies in Indonesia have been subject to numerous misconceptions compared to successful implementations in developed countries. This study examines the relationship between urban planning policies and architectural design in fostering sustainable food systems, employing a mixed-methods approach that combines multiple linear regression analysis with a sample of 75 smart cities, correlation analysis, and case studies from six representative cities that demonstrate best practices. Key findings reveal that food security is significantly undermined by the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), indicating distributional inequalities, high food expenditure, and a lack of clean water, while access to electricity improves resilience. Case study analysis showed that Semarang is the city with the highest readiness level (97%), followed by Makassar (91%), which employs a Holistic Benchmark approach, Jakarta (91%), which follows a Technological—fragmented approach, Samarinda (86%) and Medan (79%), which are in a Developing Transition phase, and Surabaya (66%), which utilizes a Community and Local Initiatives approach. Each city adopted a different approach, which means the national strategy for developing Smart Cities will also differ; however, they must prioritize equitable infrastructure and architectural innovation, such as urban farming integration and a water–energy–food nexus system. Smart cities extend beyond technological innovations, encompassing integrated urban planning policies and architectural practices that foster sustainable food systems through infrastructure management and environmental sustainability.

Suggested Citation

  • Rafi Haikal & Thoriqi Firdaus & Herdis Herdiansyah & Rizqi Shafira Chairunnisa, 2025. "Urban Planning Policies and Architectural Design for Sustainable Food Security: A Case Study of Smart Cities in Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-24, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:16:p:7546-:d:1729218
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/16/7546/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/16/7546/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kusumastuti, Ratih Dyah & Nurmala, N. & Rouli, Juliana & Herdiansyah, Herdis, 2022. "Analyzing the factors that influence the seeking and sharing of information on the smart city digital platform: Empirical evidence from Indonesia," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    2. Howie, Peter & Atakhanova, Zauresh, 2014. "Resource boom and inequality: Kazakhstan as a case study," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 71-79.
    3. Liu, Yansui & Zhou, Yang, 2021. "Reflections on China's food security and land use policy under rapid urbanization," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    4. Karoline Richter & Daniel Costa dos Santos & Aloísio Leoni Schmid, 2020. "Efficiency Analysis of Water Conservation Measures in Sanitary Infrastructure Systems by Means of a Systemic Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-19, April.
    5. Yusuf Kristiadi & Riri Fitri Sari & Herdis Herdiansyah & Hayati Sari Hasibuan & Tiong Hoo Lim, 2022. "Developing DPSIR Framework for Managing Climate Change in Urban Areas: A Case Study in Jakarta, Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-30, November.
    6. Arif Budy Pratama, 2018. "Smart City Narrative in Indonesia: Comparing Policy Documents in Four Cities," Public administration issues, Higher School of Economics, issue 6, pages 65-83.
    7. Evans, Keith S. & Teisl, Mario F. & Lando, Amy. M. & Liu, Sherry T., 2020. "Risk perceptions and food-handling practices in the home," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    8. Tom X Hackbarth & Julian D. May & Sinoxolo Magaya & Peter H Verburg, 2025. "Food systems modelling to evaluate interventions for food and nutrition security in an African urban context," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 17(1), pages 145-160, February.
    9. Alana Siegner & Jennifer Sowerwine & Charisma Acey, 2018. "Does Urban Agriculture Improve Food Security? Examining the Nexus of Food Access and Distribution of Urban Produced Foods in the United States: A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-27, August.
    10. Chandra, Amanda Jennifer & Diehl, Jessica Ann, 2019. "Urban agriculture, food security, and development policies in Jakarta: A case study of farming communities at Kalideres – Cengkareng district, West Jakarta," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    11. Geneci Silva Ribeiro Rocha & Diego Durante Mühl & Letícia Oliveira, 2025. "From industry 4.0 to urban agriculture 4.0: the case of SLC Agricola’ smart greenhouse," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 45(1), pages 1-10, March.
    12. Peter Timmer, 2004. "Food Security and Economic Growth: An Asian Perspective," Working Papers 51, Center for Global Development.
    13. Wade, Robert Hunter, 2004. "Is Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 567-589, April.
    14. Rui Chi & Yixin Su & Zhijian Qu & Xuexin Chi, 2019. "A Hybridization of Cuckoo Search and Differential Evolution for the Logistics Distribution Center Location Problem," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2019, pages 1-16, February.
    15. Davide Luca, 2016. "Do bureaucracies enhance or constrain policy effectiveness? Evidence from Turkey’s central management of public investment," LEQS – LSE 'Europe in Question' Discussion Paper Series 109, European Institute, LSE.
    16. Moragues-Faus, Ana & Battersby, Jane, 2021. "Urban food policies for a sustainable and just future: Concepts and tools for a renewed agenda," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    17. Kemmler, Andreas & Spreng, Daniel, 2007. "Energy indicators for tracking sustainability in developing countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 2466-2480, April.
    18. Visvizi, Anna & Wosiek, Roman & Malik, Radosław, 2025. "The smart city competitiveness index (SMCI): Conceptualization, modelling, application – An evidence-based insight," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hu, Chao & Dong, Jiayun, 2025. "Program sustainability and property right factors influencing farmers' self-predicted post-program land investment behavior - Evidence from land enrolled in the Sloping Land Conversion Program in China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    2. Li, Mengxu & Liu, Jianghua & Chen, Yang & Yang, Zhijiu, 2023. "Can sustainable development strategy reduce income inequality in resource-based regions? A natural resource dependence perspective," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    3. Luiza Vigne Bennedetti & Paulo Antônio de Almeida Sinisgalli & Maurício Lamano Ferreira & Fabiano Lemes de Oliveira, 2023. "Challenges to Promote Sustainability in Urban Agriculture Models: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-14, January.
    4. Basu, Kaushik, 2006. "Globalization, poverty, and inequality: What is the relationship? What can be done?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 34(8), pages 1361-1373, August.
    5. Mehmet Akif DESTEK, 2018. "Dimensions of globalization and income inequality in transition economies: taking into account cross-sectional dependence," Eastern Journal of European Studies, Centre for European Studies, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, vol. 9, pages 5-25, December.
    6. Donald Coon & Lauren Lindow & Ziynet Boz & Ana Martin-Ryals & Ying Zhang & Melanie Correll, 2024. "Reporting and practices of sustainability in controlled environment agriculture: a scoping review," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 44(2), pages 301-326, June.
    7. Muhammad Shahbaz & Mita Bhattacharya & Mantu Kumar Mahalik, 2017. "Finance and income inequality in Kazakhstan: evidence since transition with policy suggestions," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(52), pages 5337-5351, November.
    8. Salahodjaev, Raufhon, 2025. "Globalization and life satisfaction- evidence from Europe and Central Asia," MPRA Paper 125959, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Mary Oluwatoyin AGBOOLA & Mehmet BALCILAR, 2014. "Can food availability influence economic growth - the case of African countries," Agricultural Economics, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 60(5), pages 232-245.
    10. Ahmad, Munir & Iqbal, Muhammad & Farooq, Umar, 2015. "Food Security and its Constraining Factors in South Asia: Challenges and Opportunities," MPRA Paper 72868, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Karolis Andriuškevičius & Dalia Štreimikienė & Irena Alebaitė, 2022. "Convergence between Indicators for Measuring Sustainable Development and M&A Performance in the Energy Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-23, August.
    12. Steinberger, Julia K. & van Niel, Johan & Bourg, Dominique, 2009. "Profiting from negawatts: Reducing absolute consumption and emissions through a performance-based energy economy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 361-370, January.
    13. Hackl, Andreas, 2018. "Mobility equity in a globalized world: Reducing inequalities in the sustainable development agenda," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 150-162.
    14. Xiangyu Dong & Xiangbo Cheng & Shuiling Huang & Xuran Li & Yiru Wang, 2025. "How does the farmland management rights mortgage loan affect food security: Based on the evidence of major grain producing areas in China," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 20(4), pages 1-19, April.
    15. Zhifei Ma & Huan Huang & Xiangmin Zhang & Dongxue Qin & Xiaodi Li, 2024. "Can internet use promote farmers to adopt chemical fertilizer reduction and efficiency enhancement technology in China?—an empirical analysis based on endogenous switching probit model," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(8), pages 1-23, August.
    16. Klaus M. Leisinger, 2008. "Zur Relevanz der Unternehmensethik in der Betriebswirtschaftlehre (oder: The Business of Business is still Business–But the Rules have Changed)," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 60(58), pages 26-49, January.
    17. Shan Haonan & Zhao Kai, 2025. "Food Security and Digital Inclusive Finance: Evidence From China," SAGE Open, , vol. 15(3), pages 21582440251, August.
    18. Julie A. Silva, 2013. "Rural Income Inequality in Mozambique: National Dynamics and Local Experiences?," The Review of Regional Studies, Southern Regional Science Association, vol. 43(1), pages 23-50, Summer.
    19. Jing Zhu & Wusheng Yu & Junying Wang & Christian Elleby, 2016. "Tariff Liberalisation, Price Transmission and Rural Welfare in China," Journal of Agricultural Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 67(1), pages 24-46, February.
    20. Atanu Ghoshray & Issam Malki & Javier Ordóñez, 2022. "On the long-run dynamics of income and wealth inequality," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 62(2), pages 375-408, February.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:16:p:7546-:d:1729218. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.