IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v15y2023i9p7410-d1136985.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Comprehensive Analysis of Clustering Public Utility Bus Passenger’s Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Utilization of Machine Learning with Metaheuristic Algorithm

Author

Listed:
  • Maela Madel L. Cahigas

    (School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
    School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines)

  • Ferani E. Zulvia

    (School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines)

  • Ardvin Kester S. Ong

    (School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapúa University, 658 Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines)

  • Yogi Tri Prasetyo

    (International Bachelor Program in Engineering, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Rd., Chung-Li 32003, Taiwan
    Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Yuan Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Rd., Chung-Li 32003, Taiwan)

Abstract

Public utility bus (PUB) systems and passenger behaviors drastically changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed the clustered behavior of 505 PUB passengers using feature selection, K-means clustering, and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The wrapper method was seen to be the best among the six feature selection techniques through recursive feature selection with a 90% training set and a 10% testing set. It was revealed that this technique produced 26 optimal feature subsets. These features were then fed into K-means clustering and PSO to find PUB passengers’ clusters. The algorithm was tested using 12 different parameter settings to find the best outcome. As a result, the optimal parameter combination produced 23 clusters. Utilizing the Pareto analysis, the study only considered the vital clusters. Specifically, five vital clusters were found to have comprehensive similarities in demographics and feature responses. The PUB stakeholders could use the cluster findings as a benchmark to improve the current system.

Suggested Citation

  • Maela Madel L. Cahigas & Ferani E. Zulvia & Ardvin Kester S. Ong & Yogi Tri Prasetyo, 2023. "A Comprehensive Analysis of Clustering Public Utility Bus Passenger’s Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Utilization of Machine Learning with Metaheuristic Algorithm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-31, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:9:p:7410-:d:1136985
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/9/7410/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/9/7410/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Maela Madel L. Cahigas & Yogi Tri Prasetyo & James Alexander & Putu Lauterina Sutapa & Shannen Wiratama & Vincent Arvin & Reny Nadlifatin & Satria Fadil Persada, 2022. "Factors Affecting Visiting Behavior to Bali during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.
    2. Ajzen, Icek, 1991. "The theory of planned behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 179-211, December.
    3. Mark Turner & Seung-Ho Kwon & Michael O’Donnell, 2022. "State Effectiveness and Crises in East and Southeast Asia: The Case of COVID-19," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-15, June.
    4. Shen, Chan & Sun, Yao & Bai, Zijian & Cui, Hongjun, 2021. "Real-time customized bus routes design with optimal passenger and vehicle matching based on column generation algorithm," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 571(C).
    5. Josephine D. German & Anak Agung Ngurah Perwira Redi & Ardvin Kester S. Ong & Yogi Tri Prasetyo & Vince Louis M. Sumera, 2022. "Predicting Factors Affecting Preparedness of Volcanic Eruption for a Sustainable Community: A Case Study in the Philippines," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-24, September.
    6. van Wee, Bert & Witlox, Frank, 2021. "COVID-19 and its long-term effects on activity participation and travel behaviour: A multiperspective view," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    7. Yunqiang Xue & Meng Zhong & Luowei Xue & Bing Zhang & Haokai Tu & Caifeng Tan & Qifang Kong & Hongzhi Guan, 2022. "Simulation Analysis of Bus Passenger Boarding and Alighting Behavior Based on Cellular Automata," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-16, February.
    8. Guillen, Marie Danielle & Ishida, Haruo & Okamoto, Naohisa, 2013. "Is the use of informal public transport modes in developing countries habitual? An empirical study in Davao City, Philippines," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 31-42.
    9. Borhan, Muhamad Nazri & Ibrahim, Ahmad Nazrul Hakimi & Miskeen, Manssour A. Abdulasalm, 2019. "Extending the theory of planned behaviour to predict the intention to take the new high-speed rail for intercity travel in Libya: Assessment of the influence of novelty seeking, trust and external inf," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 373-384.
    10. Chuenyindee, Thanatorn & Ong, Ardvin Kester S. & Ramos, Jon Pauline & Prasetyo, Yogi Tri & Nadlifatin, Reny & Kurata, Yoshiki B. & Sittiwatethanasiri, Thaninrat, 2022. "Public utility vehicle service quality and customer satisfaction in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    11. Shen, Weiwei & Xiao, Weizhou & Wang, Xin, 2016. "Passenger satisfaction evaluation model for Urban rail transit: A structural equation modeling based on partial least squares," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 20-31.
    12. Ittamalla, Rajesh & Srinivas Kumar, Daruri Venkata, 2021. "Determinants of holistic passenger experience in public transportation: Scale development and validation," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    13. Chen, Mu-Chen & Hsu, Chia-Lin & Huang, Chun-Han, 2021. "Applying the Kano model to investigate the quality of transportation services at mega events," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Maela Madel L. Cahigas & Ardvin Kester S. Ong & Yogi Tri Prasetyo, 2023. "Super Typhoon Rai’s Impacts on Siargao Tourism: Deciphering Tourists’ Revisit Intentions through Machine-Learning Algorithms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-29, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. de Palma, André & Vosough, Shaghayegh & Liao, Feixiong, 2022. "An overview of effects of COVID-19 on mobility and lifestyle: 18 months since the outbreak," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 372-397.
    2. Chandra Mahapatra, Subas & Bellamkonda, Raja Shekhar, 2023. "Higher expectations of passengers do really sense: Development and validation a multiple scale-FliQual for air transport service quality," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    3. Ofentse Mokwena, 2016. "Paratransit Mesoeconomy: Control Measures From The Supply Side?," Proceedings of Economics and Finance Conferences 3205591, International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences.
    4. Ingvardson, Jesper Bláfoss & Nielsen, Otto Anker, 2019. "The relationship between norms, satisfaction and public transport use: A comparison across six European cities using structural equation modelling," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 37-57.
    5. Shi, Kunbo & De Vos, Jonas & Cheng, Long & Yang, Yongchun & Witlox, Frank, 2021. "The influence of the built environment on online purchases of intangible services: Examining the mediating role of online purchase attitudes," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 116-126.
    6. Ahmad Nazrul Hakimi Ibrahim & Muhamad Nazri Borhan & Nur Izzi Md. Yusoff & Amiruddin Ismail & Muhamad Razuhanafi Mat Yazid & Nor Aznirahani Mhd Yunin & Sotaro Yukawa, 2021. "Gender and Age Do Matter: Exploring the Effect of Passengers’ Gender and Age on the Perception of Light Rail Transit Service Quality in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-18, January.
    7. Delbosc, Alexa & Currie, Graham & Jain, Taru & Aston, Laura, 2022. "The ‘re-norming’ of working from home during COVID-19: A transtheoretical behaviour change model of a major unplanned disruption," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 15-21.
    8. Farrukh Baig & Konstantinos Kirytopoulos & Jaeyoung Lee & Evangelos Tsamilis & Ruizhi Mao & Panagiotis Ntzeremes, 2022. "Changes in People’s Mobility Behavior in Greece after the COVID-19 Outbreak," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-22, March.
    9. Ahmad Nazrul Hakimi Ibrahim & Muhamad Nazri Borhan & Riza Atiq O.K. Rahmat, 2020. "Understanding Users’ Intention to Use Park-and-Ride Facilities in Malaysia: The Role of Trust as a Novel Construct in the Theory of Planned Behaviour," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-14, March.
    10. Marc Kuhn & Viola Marquardt & Sarah Selinka, 2021. "“Is Sharing Really Caring?”: The Role of Environmental Concern and Trust Reflecting Usage Intention of “Station-Based” and “Free-Floating”—Carsharing Business Models," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-18, July.
    11. Ahmad Nazrul Hakimi Ibrahim & Muhamad Nazri Borhan & Mohd Haniff Osman & Faridah Hanim Khairuddin & Nur Mustakiza Zakaria, 2022. "An Empirical Study of Passengers’ Perceived Satisfaction with Monorail Service Quality: Case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-17, May.
    12. Azra Shamim & Awais Ali Khan & Muhammad Ahsan Qureshi & Hamaad Rafique & Adnan Akhunzada, 2021. "Ride or Not to Ride: Does the Customer Deviate toward Ridesharing?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-18, October.
    13. Bouscasse, H. & Bonnel, P., 2016. "Socio-psychological determinants of mode choice habits," Working Papers 2016-05, Grenoble Applied Economics Laboratory (GAEL).
    14. Chee, Pei Nen Esther & Susilo, Yusak O. & Wong, Yiik Diew, 2020. "Determinants of intention-to-use first-/last-mile automated bus service," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 350-375.
    15. Baig, Farrukh & Zhang, Dong & Lee, Jaeyoung & Xu, Hongda, 2022. "Shaping inclusiveness of a transportation system: Factors affecting seat-yielding behavior of university students in public transportation," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 79-94.
    16. Timmer, Sebastian & Bösehans, Gustav & Henkel, Sven, 2023. "Behavioural norms or personal gains? – An empirical analysis of commuters‘ intention to switch to multimodal mobility behaviour," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    17. Ahmad Nazrul Hakimi Ibrahim & Muhamad Nazri Borhan & Nor Aznirahani Mhd Yunin, 2020. "Getting Young Drivers to Buckle Up: Exploring the Factors Influencing Seat Belt Use by Young Drivers in Malaysia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, December.
    18. Rickie Mae Gaspar & Yogi Tri Prasetyo & Klint Allen Mariñas & Satria Fadil Persada & Reny Nadlifatin, 2023. "Exploring Consumers’ Intention to Use Bikes and E-Scooters during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Philippines: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Approach with a Consideration of Pro-Environmental Id," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-16, March.
    19. Leibao Zhang & Qiuxian Hu & Shuai Zhang & Wenyu Zhang, 2020. "Understanding Chinese Residents’ Waste Classification from a Perspective of Intention–Behavior Gap," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-19, May.
    20. Ahmad Nazrul Hakimi Ibrahim & Muhamad Nazri Borhan & Muhamad Razuhanafi Mat Yazid & Riza Atiq Rahmat & Sotaro Yukawa, 2021. "Factors Influencing Passengers’ Satisfaction with the Light Rail Transit Service in Alpha Cities: Evidence from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Using Structural Equation Modelling," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(16), pages 1-15, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:9:p:7410-:d:1136985. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.