IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v15y2023i3p2426-d1050763.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Pre and Post Water Level Behaviour in Punjab: Impact Analysis with DiD Approach

Author

Listed:
  • Yogita Sharma

    (Department of Agricultural Economics, Bihar Agricultural University, Bhagalpur 813210, Bihar, India)

  • Baljinder Kaur Sidana

    (Department of Economics and Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India)

  • Sunny Kumar

    (Department of Economics and Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India)

  • Samanpreet Kaur

    (Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India)

  • Milkho Kaur Sekhon

    (Department of Economics and Sociology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India)

  • Amrit Kaur Mahal

    (Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India)

  • Sushant Mehan

    (Colorado Water Center, Water Management and Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA)

Abstract

Punjab Agriculture is trapped in the complex nexus of groundwater depletion and food insecurity. The policymakers are concerned about reducing groundwater extraction at any cost for irrigation without jeopardizing food security. In this regard, the Government of Punjab introduced the “Punjab Preservation of Subsoil Water Act, 2009”. The present paper examines the impact of the “Preservation of Sub Soil Water Act, 2009” on pre- and post-water levels in Punjab using the difference-in-difference (DiD) approach. The state has witnessed a severe fall of 0.50 m per year and 0.43 m per year for the post-monsoon and pre-monsoon season, respectively. Only 2.62 per cent of wells were in the range of 20–40 m depth in the state in 1996, which increased to 42 per cent and 67 per cent in 2018 for the pre-monsoon period, and post monsoon period respectively, depicting an increase of 25 times. The groundwater depth in high rice-growing(treated) districts declined by 1.53 and 1.39 m than the low rice-growing (control) districts in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods respectively post the enactment of PPSW Act, 2009. A groundwater governance framework is urgently needed to manage the existing and future challenges connected with the groundwater resource.

Suggested Citation

  • Yogita Sharma & Baljinder Kaur Sidana & Sunny Kumar & Samanpreet Kaur & Milkho Kaur Sekhon & Amrit Kaur Mahal & Sushant Mehan, 2023. "Pre and Post Water Level Behaviour in Punjab: Impact Analysis with DiD Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-18, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:3:p:2426-:d:1050763
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/3/2426/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/3/2426/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Molle, Francois & Berkoff, J., 2007. "Irrigation water pricing: the gap between theory and practice," IWMI Books, Reports H040645, International Water Management Institute.
    2. Kaur, Baljinder, 2011. "Impact of Climate Change and Cropping Pattern on Ground Water Resources of Punjab," Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, vol. 66(3), pages 1-15.
    3. Singh, Karam, 2009. "Act to Save Groundwater in Punjab: Its Impact on Water Table, Electricity Subsidy and Environment," Agricultural Economics Research Review, Agricultural Economics Research Association (India), vol. 22(Conferenc).
    4. Shah, Tushaar & Scott, Christopher & Berkoff, J. & Kishore, A. & Sharma, A., 2007. "The energy-irrigation nexus in South Asia: groundwater conservation and power sector viability," IWMI Books, Reports H040608, International Water Management Institute.
    5. Kaur, Baljinder & Sidhu, R.S. & Vatta, Kamal, 2010. "Optimal Crop Plans for Sustainable Water Use in Punjab," Agricultural Economics Research Review, Agricultural Economics Research Association (India), vol. 23(2), July.
    6. Matthew Rodell & Isabella Velicogna & James S. Famiglietti, 2009. "Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India," Nature, Nature, vol. 460(7258), pages 999-1002, August.
    7. Kamal Vatta & R. S. Sidhu & Upmanu Lall & P. S. Birthal & Garima Taneja & Baljinder Kaur & Naresh Devineni & Charlotte MacAlister, 2018. "Assessing the economic impact of a low-cost water-saving irrigation technology in Indian Punjab: the tensiometer," Water International, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(2), pages 305-321, February.
    8. Shah, Tushaar & Scott, C. & Kishore, A. & Sharma, A., 2003. "Energy-irrigation nexus in South Asia: Improving groundwater conservation and power sector viability," IWMI Research Reports H033885, International Water Management Institute.
    9. Sarkar, Anindita, 2020. "Groundwater irrigation and farm power policies in Punjab and West Bengal: Challenges and opportunities," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    10. Kaur, Baljinder & Vatta, Kamal & Sidhu, R.S., 2015. "Optimising Irrigation Water Use in Punjab Agriculture: Role of Crop Diversification and Technology," Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, vol. 70(3), pages 1-12.
    11. Zhang, Yucui & Lei, Huimin & Zhao, Wenguang & Shen, Yanjun & Xiao, Dengpan, 2018. "Comparison of the water budget for the typical cropland and pear orchard ecosystems in the North China Plain," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 53-64.
    12. David O’Connor & Deyi Hou, 2019. "More haste, less speed in replenishing China’s groundwater," Nature, Nature, vol. 569(7757), pages 487-487, May.
    13. Shah, Tushaar & Scott, Christopher & Berkoff, Jeremy & Kishore, Avinash & Sharma, A., 2007. "The energy-irrigation nexus in South Asia: groundwater conservation and power sector viability," Book Chapters,, International Water Management Institute.
    14. J. S. Famiglietti, 2014. "The global groundwater crisis," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 4(11), pages 945-948, November.
    15. Molle, Francois & Berkoff, Jeremy (ed.), 2007. "Irrigation water pricing: the gap between theory and practice," IWMI Books, International Water Management Institute, number 137957, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kishore, P. & Roy, D. & Birthal, P.S. & Srivastava, S.K., 2024. "Regulation, and Policy Response to Groundwater Preservation in India," Policy Papers 344994, ICAR National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NIAP).
    2. Kishore, Prabhat & Roy, Devesh & Birthal, Pratap S. & Srivastava, Shivendra Kumar, 2024. "Regulation and Policy Response to Groundwater Preservation in India," Policy Papers 345044, ICAR National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NIAP).
    3. repec:ags:iamopb:344994 is not listed on IDEAS

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Erenstein, Olaf, 2009. "Comparing water management in rice-wheat production systems in Haryana, India and Punjab, Pakistan," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 96(12), pages 1799-1806, December.
    2. Disha Gupta, 2023. "Free power, irrigation, and groundwater depletion: Impact of farm electricity policy of Punjab, India," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 54(4), pages 515-541, July.
    3. Kishore, P. & Roy, D. & Birthal, P.S. & Srivastava, S.K., 2024. "Regulation, and Policy Response to Groundwater Preservation in India," Policy Papers 344994, ICAR National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NIAP).
    4. repec:ags:iamopb:344994 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. Kishore, Prabhat & Roy, Devesh & Birthal, Pratap S. & Srivastava, Shivendra Kumar, 2024. "Regulation and Policy Response to Groundwater Preservation in India," Policy Papers 345044, ICAR National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (NIAP).
    6. Stergios Athanassoglou & Glenn Sheriff & Tobias Siegfried & Woonghee Huh, 2012. "Optimal Mechanisms for Heterogeneous Multi-Cell Aquifers," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 52(2), pages 265-291, June.
    7. Mukherji, A. & Das, B. & Majumdar, N. & Nayak, N.C. & Sethi, R.R. & Sharma, B.R., 2009. "Metering of agricultural power supply in West Bengal, India: Who gains and who loses?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(12), pages 5530-5539, December.
    8. Zareena Begum Irfan & Bina Gupta, 2015. "To Consume or to Conserve: Examining Water Conservation Model for Wheat Cultivation in India," Working Papers 2015-101, Madras School of Economics,Chennai,India.
    9. Bjornlund, Vibeke & Bjornlund, Henning, 2019. "Understanding agricultural water management in a historical context using a socioeconomic and biophysical framework," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 454-467.
    10. Jayanath Ananda & Mohamed Aheeyar, 2020. "An evaluation of groundwater institutions in India: a property rights perspective," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 22(6), pages 5731-5749, August.
    11. Hassan, Wasim & Manzoor, Talha & Jaleel, Hassan & Muhammad, Abubakr, 2021. "Demand-based water allocation in irrigation systems using mechanism design: A case study from Pakistan," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    12. Molle, Francois & Al Karablieh, E. & Al Naber, M. & Closas, Alvar & Salman, A., 2017. "Groundwater governance in Jordan: the case of Azraq Basin. A Policy White Paper," IWMI Reports 273350, International Water Management Institute.
    13. Prakashan Veettil & Stijn Speelman & Guido Huylenbroeck, 2013. "Estimating the Impact of Water Pricing on Water Use Efficiency in Semi-arid Cropping System: An Application of Probabilistically Constrained Nonparametric Efficiency Analysis," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 27(1), pages 55-73, January.
    14. Lan Mu & Chunxia Luo & Zongjia Tan & Binglin Zhang & Xiaojuan Qu, 2023. "Assessing the Impact of Different Agricultural Irrigation Charging Methods on Sustainable Agricultural Production," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-19, September.
    15. Jean-Philippe Venot & François Molle, 2008. "Groundwater Depletion in the Jordan Highlands: Can Pricing Policies Regulate Irrigation Water Use?," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 22(12), pages 1925-1941, December.
    16. World Bank, 2010. "Deep Wells and Prudence : Towards Pragmatic Action for Addressing Groundwater Overexploitation in India," World Bank Publications - Reports 2835, The World Bank Group.
    17. Durba Biswas & L. Venkatachalam, 2015. "Farmers' Willingness to Pay for Improved Irrigation Water — A Case Study of Malaprabha Irrigation Project in Karnataka, India," Water Economics and Policy (WEP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 1(01), pages 1-24.
    18. Gema Carmona & Consuelo Varela-Ortega & John Bromley, 2011. "The Use of Participatory Object-Oriented Bayesian Networks and Agro-Economic Models for Groundwater Management in Spain," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 25(5), pages 1509-1524, March.
    19. Petra Hellegers & Xavier Leflaive, 2015. "Water allocation reform: what makes it so difficult?," Water International, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(2), pages 273-285, March.
    20. Vos, Jeroen & Vincent, Linden, 2011. "Volumetric water control in a large-scale open canal irrigation system with many smallholders: The case of Chancay-Lambayeque in Peru," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 98(4), pages 705-714, February.
    21. M. Mekonnen & A. Hoekstra & R. Becht, 2012. "Mitigating the Water Footprint of Export Cut Flowers from the Lake Naivasha Basin, Kenya," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 26(13), pages 3725-3742, October.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:3:p:2426-:d:1050763. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.