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Green Retrofitting Simulation for Sustainable Commercial Buildings in China Using a Proposed Multi-Agent Evolutionary Game

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  • Sheng-Yuan Wang

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea)

  • Kyung-Tae Lee

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea)

  • Ju-Hyung Kim

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea)

Abstract

Green retrofit is regarded as an effective environmental measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in high energy-consuming commercial buildings. However, the current retrofitting rate of complex structures is lower than the expected rate. This study proposed a method of stimulating the interaction of multiple agents (government, developers, and occupants) involved in the green renovation of China’s commercial buildings. To this end, the evolutionary game theory was applied to determine the multiple interaction mechanism of the behaviors of the agents, after which the key factors affecting the contrasting behavior of developers and occupants were demonstrated, and a sensitivity analysis was performed to distinguish detailed set parameters. The major results observed are as follows: (1) occupants are less sensitive to varied conditions owing to their vulnerable economic scale, meaning that a more friendly policy environment is essential to facilitate their support; (2) government financial support, such as subsidies or compensation costs, can strongly induce more positive behavior in developers to promote green retrofit; and (3) life-cycle awareness of developers should be improved as a reasonable energy-saving performance can act as a key motivating factor to support green renovation. This research provided a comparative perspective to that of a public–private partnership model.

Suggested Citation

  • Sheng-Yuan Wang & Kyung-Tae Lee & Ju-Hyung Kim, 2022. "Green Retrofitting Simulation for Sustainable Commercial Buildings in China Using a Proposed Multi-Agent Evolutionary Game," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-32, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:13:p:7671-:d:846054
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    2. Ying Han & Lei Xie, 2025. "Sustainable Governance of Digital Platform Ecosystem: A Life Cycle Perspective Through Multiple Governance Parties," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-24, April.
    3. Sukjoon Oh & Hosang Ahn & Minjung Bae & Jaesik Kang, 2025. "Development and Analysis of Easy-to-Implement Green Retrofit Technologies for Windows to Reduce Heating Energy Use in Older Residential Buildings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-25, April.
    4. U. G. D. Madushika & Thanuja Ramachandra & Gayani Karunasena & P. A. D. S. Udakara, 2023. "Energy Retrofitting Technologies of Buildings: A Review-Based Assessment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-16, June.
    5. Li, Qianwen & Qian, Tingyu & Wang, Jiaqi & Long, Ruyin & Chen, Hong & Sun, Chuanwang, 2023. "Social “win-win” promotion of green housing under the four-subject evolutionary game," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PA).
    6. Acinia Nindartin & Hee-Woon Moon & Sang-Jun Park & Kyung-Tae Lee & Jin-Bin Im & Ju-Hyung Kim, 2022. "Influencing of the Building Energy Policies upon the Efficiency of Energy Consumption: The Case of Courthouse Buildings in South Korea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-17, September.
    7. Zihan Zhang & Junkang Song & Wanjiang Wang, 2023. "Study on the Behavior Strategy of the Subject of Low-Carbon Retrofit of Residential Buildings Based on Tripartite Evolutionary Game," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-25, May.
    8. Li, Qianwen & Qian, Tingyu & Zhang, Xufeng & Long, Ruyin & Chen, Hong & Huang, Han & Liu, Lei & Zhu, Licai & Jiang, Huikang & Zhu, Hanyi, 2023. "How does stakeholder loss aversion affect the promotion of green housing?," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 647-668.
    9. Ayodele Samuel Adegoke & Rotimi Boluwatife Abidoye & Riza Yosia Sunindijo, 2025. "Stakeholders’ Awareness of the Benefits of Passive Retrofit in Nigeria’s Residential Building Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-26, July.

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