IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i5p2597-d508113.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Household Vulnerability and Transformability in Limpopo National Park

Author

Listed:
  • Michel Notelid

    (Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Box 626, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden)

  • Anneli Ekblom

    (Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Box 626, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden)

Abstract

In this paper, household vulnerability in Limpopo National Park (LNP) is discussed in relation to interannual climate variability and the effects of the park itself. Climate variability is high and projected to increase with climate change. Meanwhile, the establishment of the national park in 2002 has added both challenges and possibilities. We present the results of livelihood surveys carried out 2013 and discuss changes taking place in and around the park until present day. Constraints and possibilities for endurability of households are discussed. In conclusion, the vulnerability of the LNP households to climate change is high, but there are a number of strategies in place to ensure endurability. Migrant labour is vital for household economy, and cattle production is important for endurability. The hunting ban in the park and losses of crops and livestock due to wildlife present serious challenges. Income from the illegal wildlife trade, which exploded from 2011, has had little impact on household economy or in mitigating household vulnerability but has had devastating effects on the social fabric of households. We discuss possible avenues for transformability, where access to markets and transport remain a challenge for farmers. Individual cattle owners’ view of constraints and possibilities for expanding cattle herding are discussed and assessed in terms of transformability.

Suggested Citation

  • Michel Notelid & Anneli Ekblom, 2021. "Household Vulnerability and Transformability in Limpopo National Park," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-22, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:5:p:2597-:d:508113
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/5/2597/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/5/2597/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Reardon, Thomas, 1997. "Using evidence of household income diversification to inform study of the rural nonfarm labor market in Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 25(5), pages 735-747, May.
    2. Thomas Tanner & David Lewis & David Wrathall & Robin Bronen & Nick Cradock-Henry & Saleemul Huq & Chris Lawless & Raphael Nawrotzki & Vivek Prasad & Md. Ashiqur Rahman & Ryan Alaniz & Katherine King &, 2015. "Livelihood resilience in the face of climate change," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 5(1), pages 23-26, January.
    3. Walker, Thomas S. & Tschirley, David L. & Low, Jan W. & Tanque, M. Pequentino & Boughton, Duncan & Payongayong, Ellen M. & Weber, Michael T., 2004. "Determinants of Rural Income, Poverty, and Perceived Well-Being in Mozambique in 2001-2002," Food Security Collaborative Working Papers 56061, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
    4. Isaac Gershon Kodwo Ansah & Cornelis Gardebroek & Rico Ihle, 2019. "Resilience and household food security: a review of concepts, methodological approaches and empirical evidence," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 11(6), pages 1187-1203, December.
    5. Massingarela, Cláudio & Nhate, Virgulino & Salvucci, Vincenzo, 2013. "The Political Economy of Food Price Policy: Country Case Study of Mozambique," WIDER Working Paper Series 037, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    6. Sudhanshu Handa & Gilead Mlay, 2006. "Food consumption patterns, seasonality and market access in Mozambique," Development Southern Africa, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(4), pages 541-560.
    7. Virgulino Nhate & Cláudio Massingarela & Vincenzo Salvucci, 2013. "The Political Economy of Food Price Policy: Country Case Study of Mozambique," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2013-037, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    8. Pauw, Karl & Thurlow, James & Uaiene, Rafael & Mazunda, John, 2012. "Agricultural growth and poverty in Mozambique: Technical analysis in support of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP)," MSSP working papers 2, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    9. Carlos Nuno Castel-Branco, 2014. "Growth, capital accumulation and economic porosity in Mozambique: social losses, private gains," Review of African Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(sup1), pages 26-48, October.
    10. Channing Arndt & M. Azhar Hussain & E. Samuel Jones & Virgulino Nhate & Finn Tarp & James Thurlow, 2013. "Explaining the Evolution of Poverty: The Case of Mozambique," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 95(1), pages 206-206.
    11. Julie A. Silva, 2013. "Rural Income Inequality in Mozambique: National Dynamics and Local Experiences?," The Review of Regional Studies, Southern Regional Science Association, vol. 43(1), pages 23-50, Summer.
    12. Elizabeth Lunstrum, 2014. "Green Militarization: Anti-Poaching Efforts and the Spatial Contours of Kruger National Park," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 104(4), pages 816-832, July.
    13. Walker, Thomas S. & Boughton, Duncan & Tschirley, David L. & Pitoro, Raul & Tomo, Alda, 2006. "Using Rural Household Income Survey Data to Inform Poverty Analysis: An Example from Mozambique," 2006 Annual Meeting, August 12-18, 2006, Queensland, Australia 25676, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    14. Mather, David, 2009. "Measuring the Impact of Public and Private Assets on Household Crop Income in Rural Mozambique, 2002-2005," Food Security Collaborative Working Papers 56073, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
    15. Milgroom, J. & Giller, K.E., 2013. "Courting the rain: Rethinking seasonality and adaptation to recurrent drought in semi-arid southern Africa," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 91-104.
    16. Benedito Cunguara & Augustine Langyintuo & Ika Darnhofer, 2011. "The role of nonfarm income in coping with the effects of drought in southern Mozambique," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 42(6), pages 701-713, November.
    17. Benedito Cunguara & Joseph Hanlon, 2012. "Whose Wealth Is It Anyway? Mozambique's Outstanding Economic Growth with Worsening Rural Poverty," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 43(3), pages 623-647, May.
    18. Corene Matyas & Julie Silva, 2013. "Extreme weather and economic well-being in rural Mozambique," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 66(1), pages 31-49, March.
    19. Rocha, Antonio & Starkey, Paul & Dionisio, Antonio C., 1991. "Cattle production and utilisation in smallholder farming systems in Southern Mozambique," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 55-75.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Silva, Julie A. & Matyas, Corene J. & Cunguara, Benedito, 2014. "Regional Inequality and Polarization in the Context of Concurrent Extreme Weather and Economic Shocks," Food Security Collaborative Working Papers 186603, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
    2. Nguyen, Huy, 2014. "The effect of land fragmentation on labor allocation and the economic diversity of farm households: The case of Vietnam," MPRA Paper 57521, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. McKay, Andy & Tarp, Finn, 2014. "Distributional impacts of the 2008 global food price spike in Vietnam," WIDER Working Paper Series 030, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    4. Cunguara, Benedito & Mather, David & Walker, Tom & Mouzinho, Bordalo & Massingue, Jaquelino & Uaiene, Rafael, 2016. "Exploiting the potential for expanding cropped area using animal traction in the smallholder sector in Mozambique," Miscellaneous Publications 249697, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
    5. Benfica, Rui M.S. & Zandamela, Julieta & Miguel, Arlindo & de Sousa, Natercia, 2005. "The Economics of Smallholder Households in Tobacco and Cotton Growing Areas of the Zambezi Valley of Mozambique," Food Security Collaborative Working Papers 56064, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
    6. Jehovaness Aikaeli & Martin Julius Chegere & John Rand, 2023. "Complementarity and substitutability between farm and nonfarm activities: Evidence from agricultural households in Tanzania," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 27(1), pages 89-111, February.
    7. Bekele, Adugna Eneyew & Drabik, Dusan & Dries, Liesbeth & Heijman, Wim, 2022. "Resilience of Ethiopian Agropastoral Households in the Presence of Large-Scale Land Investments," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 200(C).
    8. Deininger, Klaus & Xia, Fang, 2016. "Quantifying Spillover Effects from Large Land-based Investment: The Case of Mozambique," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 227-241.
    9. Jones, Sam & Tvedten, Inge, 2019. "What does it mean to be poor? Investigating the qualitative-quantitative divide in Mozambique," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 153-166.
    10. Bekele, Adugna Eneyew & Drabik, Dusan & Dries, Liesbeth & Heijman, Wim, 2021. "Resilience of agropastoral households affected by large scale land investments: The case of Ethiopia," 2021 Conference, August 17-31, 2021, Virtual 315087, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    11. Shinkai, Naoko, 2016. "Examination of Poverty in Northern Mozambique: A Comparison of Social and Economic Dimensions," Working Papers 133, JICA Research Institute.
    12. Benedito Cunguara & Joseph Hanlon, 2012. "Whose Wealth Is It Anyway? Mozambique's Outstanding Economic Growth with Worsening Rural Poverty," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 43(3), pages 623-647, May.
    13. Deininger,Klaus W. & Xia,Fang & Mate,Aurelio & Payongayong,Ellen & Deininger,Klaus W. & Xia,Fang & Mate,Aurelio & Payongayong,Ellen, 2015. "Quantifying spillover effects from large farm establishments : the case of Mozambique," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7466, The World Bank.
    14. Mogues, Tewodaj & Benin, Samuel & Woldeyohannes, Sileshi, 2012. "Public Expenditures in Agriculture in Mozambique:: What Investments are Required for Technical Change, and What Drives Investment Decisions?," MSSP working papers 3, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    15. Derrill D. Watson, 2013. "Political Economy Synthesis: the Food Policy Crisis," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2013-050, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    16. Strong, Michael & Silva, Julie A., 2021. "‘We would like this place to be a town’: The benefits and challenges of rural development near protected areas," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 24(C).
    17. Heather McMillen & Lindsay K. Campbell & Erika S. Svendsen & Renae Reynolds, 2016. "Recognizing Stewardship Practices as Indicators of Social Resilience: In Living Memorials and in a Community Garden," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-26, August.
    18. António Afonso & Yasfir Ibraimo, 2020. "The macroeconomic effects of public debt: an empirical analysis of Mozambique," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(2), pages 212-226, January.
    19. Jan Fałkowski & Maciej Jakubowski & Paweł Strawiński, 2014. "Returns from income strategies in rural Poland," The Economics of Transition, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, vol. 22(1), pages 139-178, January.
    20. Kamaldeen Mohammed & Evans Batung & Moses Kansanga & Hanson Nyantakyi-Frimpong & Isaac Luginaah, 2021. "Livelihood diversification strategies and resilience to climate change in semi-arid northern Ghana," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 164(3), pages 1-23, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:5:p:2597-:d:508113. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.