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Artificial Intelligence and Reflections from Educational Landscape: A Review of AI Studies in Half a Century

Author

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  • Aras Bozkurt

    (Open Education Faculty, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
    College of Human Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Pretoria 0003, South Africa)

  • Abdulkadir Karadeniz

    (Open Education Faculty, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
    eLearn Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain)

  • David Baneres

    (eLearn Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
    Faculty of Computer Science, Multimedia and Telecommunications, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain)

  • Ana Elena Guerrero-Roldán

    (eLearn Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
    Faculty of Computer Science, Multimedia and Telecommunications, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain)

  • M. Elena Rodríguez

    (eLearn Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
    Faculty of Computer Science, Multimedia and Telecommunications, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain)

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) has penetrated every layer of our lives, and education is not immune to the effects of AI. In this regard, this study examines AI studies in education in half a century (1970–2020) through a systematic review approach and benefits from social network analysis and text-mining approaches. Accordingly, the research identifies three research clusters (1) artificial intelligence, (2) pedagogical, and (3) technological issues, and suggests five broad research themes which are (1) adaptive learning and personalization of education through AI-based practices, (2) deep learning and machine Learning algorithms for online learning processes, (3) Educational human-AI interaction, (4) educational use of AI-generated data, and (5) AI in higher education. The study also highlights that ethics in AI studies is an ignored research area.

Suggested Citation

  • Aras Bozkurt & Abdulkadir Karadeniz & David Baneres & Ana Elena Guerrero-Roldán & M. Elena Rodríguez, 2021. "Artificial Intelligence and Reflections from Educational Landscape: A Review of AI Studies in Half a Century," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-16, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:2:p:800-:d:480888
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Antonio Hernández-Blanco & Boris Herrera-Flores & David Tomás & Borja Navarro-Colorado, 2019. "A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Approaches to Educational Data Mining," Complexity, Hindawi, vol. 2019, pages 1-22, May.
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    2. Gizéh Rangel-de Lázaro & Josep M. Duart, 2023. "You Can Handle, You Can Teach It: Systematic Review on the Use of Extended Reality and Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Online Higher Education," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-23, February.
    3. Aleksandra Klašnja-Milićević & Mirjana Ivanović, 2021. "E-learning Personalization Systems and Sustainable Education," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-6, June.
    4. Abdulrahman M. Al-Zahrani & Talal M. Alasmari, 2024. "Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on higher education: The dynamics of ethical, social, and educational implications," Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-12, December.
    5. Alexander Amigud & David J. Pell, 2025. "Responsible and Ethical Use of AI in Education: Are We Forcing a Square Peg into a Round Hole?," World, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-18, June.
    6. Chih-Chang Yu & Yufeng (Leon) Wu, 2021. "Early Warning System for Online STEM Learning—A Slimmer Approach Using Recurrent Neural Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-17, November.
    7. Rocsana Bucea-Manea-Țoniş & Valentin Kuleto & Simona Corina Dobre Gudei & Costin Lianu & Cosmin Lianu & Milena P. Ilić & Dan Păun, 2022. "Artificial Intelligence Potential in Higher Education Institutions Enhanced Learning Environment in Romania and Serbia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-18, May.
    8. Vikrant Vikram Singh & Nishant Kumar & Shailender Singh & Meenakshi Kaul & Aditya Kumar Gupta & P. K. Kapur, 2024. "Assessment of artificial intelligence-based digital learning systems in higher education amid the pandemic using analytic hierarchy," International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, Springer;The Society for Reliability, Engineering Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM),India, and Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, vol. 15(8), pages 4069-4084, August.
    9. Dawool Jung & Sungeun Suh, 2024. "Enhancing Soft Skills through Generative AI in Sustainable Fashion Textile Design Education," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-21, August.
    10. Daina Gudoniene & Evelina Staneviciene & Vytautas Buksnaitis & Nicola Daley, 2023. "The Scenarios of Artificial Intelligence and Wireframes Implementation in Engineering Education," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-18, April.
    11. Rustam Shadiev & Wayan Sintawati & Nurassyl Kerimbayev & Fahriye Altinay, 2024. "Systematic Review (2003–2023): Exploring Technology-Supported Cross-Cultural Learning through Review Studies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-36, January.
    12. Jennie C. De Gagne, 2023. "The State of Artificial Intelligence in Nursing Education: Past, Present, and Future Directions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-4, March.
    13. Sunghwan Hwang, 2022. "Examining the Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Elementary Students’ Mathematics Achievement: A Meta-Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-18, October.
    14. Florin-Valeriu Pantelimon & Razvan Bologa & Andrei Toma & Bogdan-Stefan Posedaru, 2021. "The Evolution of AI-Driven Educational Systems during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-10, December.
    15. Ajda Fošner, 2024. "University Students’ Attitudes and Perceptions towards AI Tools: Implications for Sustainable Educational Practices," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-15, October.

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