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Optimal Load Frequency Control of Island Microgrids via a PID Controller in the Presence of Wind Turbine and PV

Author

Listed:
  • Reza Alayi

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Germi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Germi 5651763764, Iran)

  • Farhad Zishan

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology (SUT), Tabriz 5513351996, Iran)

  • Seyed Reza Seyednouri

    (Young Researchers and Elite Club, Germi Branch, Islamic Azad University, Germi 5651763764, Iran)

  • Ravinder Kumar

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India)

  • Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood 3619995161, Iran)

  • Mohsen Sharifpur

    (Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
    Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan)

Abstract

This article studied the load frequency control (LFC) of a multi-source microgrid with the presence of renewable energy sources. To maintain a sustainable power supply, the frequency of the system must be kept constant. A Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller is presented as a secondary controller to control the frequency of the microgrid in island mode, and the integral of squared time multiplied by error squared (ISTES) is used as a performance index. The use of the Craziness-Based Particle Swarm Optimization (CRPSO), which is an improved version of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), improves the convergence speed in optimizing the nonlinear problem of load and frequency controller design. The test microgrid is composed of the load and distributed generation units such as diesel generators, photovoltaics and wind turbines. The proposed controller provided the desired response to adjusting the microgrid frequency, achieving the final response after a short time and making it more stable and less oscillatory compared with the conventional system.

Suggested Citation

  • Reza Alayi & Farhad Zishan & Seyed Reza Seyednouri & Ravinder Kumar & Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi & Mohsen Sharifpur, 2021. "Optimal Load Frequency Control of Island Microgrids via a PID Controller in the Presence of Wind Turbine and PV," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-14, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:19:p:10728-:d:644245
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    Cited by:

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    7. Zhengwei Qu & Waqar Younis & Yunjing Wang & Popov Maxim Georgievitch, 2024. "A Multi-Source Power System’s Load Frequency Control Utilizing Particle Swarm Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-33, January.
    8. Takele Ferede Agajie & Armand Fopah-Lele & Ahmed Ali & Isaac Amoussou & Baseem Khan & Mahmoud Elsisi & Om Prakash Mahela & Roberto Marcelo Álvarez & Emmanuel Tanyi, 2023. "Optimal Sizing and Power System Control of Hybrid Solar PV-Biogas Generator with Energy Storage System Power Plant," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-26, March.
    9. Dong Zhao & Shuyan Sun & Ardashir Mohammadzadeh & Amir Mosavi, 2022. "Adaptive Intelligent Model Predictive Control for Microgrid Load Frequency," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-14, September.
    10. T. Dharma Raj & C. Kumar & Panos Kotsampopoulos & Hady H. Fayek, 2023. "Load Frequency Control in Two-Area Multi-Source Power System Using Bald Eagle-Sparrow Search Optimization Tuned PID Controller," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-25, February.
    11. Tanima Bal & Saheli Ray & Nidul Sinha & Ramesh Devarapalli & Łukasz Knypiński, 2023. "Integrating Demand Response for Enhanced Load Frequency Control in Micro-Grids with Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-23, August.
    12. Hasan Yildizhan & Cihan Yıldırım & Shiva Gorjian & Arman Ameen, 2023. "How May New Energy Investments Change the Sustainability of the Turkish Industrial Sector?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-15, January.
    13. Xinghua Liu & Siwei Qiao & Zhiwei Liu, 2023. "A Survey on Load Frequency Control of Multi-Area Power Systems: Recent Challenges and Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-22, February.
    14. Waqar Younis & Muhammad Zubair Yameen & Abu Tayab & Hafiz Ghulam Murtza Qamar & Ehab Ghith & Mehdi Tlija, 2024. "Enhancing Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Power System Using Hybrid PSO-AHA Optimizer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-40, August.
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