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Detection of Financial Inclusion Vulnerable Rural Areas through an Access to Cash Index: Solutions Based on the Pharmacy Network and a CBDC. Evidence Based on Ávila (Spain)

Author

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  • Sergio Luis Náñez Alonso

    (Department of Economics-DEKIS Research Group, Catholic University of Ávila, Canteros St., 05005 Ávila, Spain)

  • Javier Jorge-Vazquez

    (Department of Economics-DEKIS Research Group, Catholic University of Ávila, Canteros St., 05005 Ávila, Spain)

  • Ricardo Francisco Reier Forradellas

    (Department of Economics-DEKIS Research Group, Catholic University of Ávila, Canteros St., 05005 Ávila, Spain)

Abstract

The ability to access quality financial services and cash has been indicated by various organizations, such as the World Bank or UN, as a fundamental aspect to guarantee regional sustainable development. However, access to cash is not always guaranteed, especially in rural regions. The present study is based in the Ávila region of Spain. A parameter called the “ access to cash index ” is constructed here. It is used to detect rural areas where the ability to access cash and banking services is more difficult. Based on the “ access to cash index ”, two sustainable solutions are proposed: The first (in the short term), based on extending access to cash, takes advantage of the existing pharmacy network. With this measure, a notable reduction of more than 55% of the average distance required to access this service is verified here. The second is based on the implementation of a central bank digital currency. Here, the results show an acceptance of 75%. However, it is known that elderly people and those without relevant education and/or low incomes would reject its widespread use. Such a circumstance would require the development of training and information policies on the safety and effectiveness of this type of currency.

Suggested Citation

  • Sergio Luis Náñez Alonso & Javier Jorge-Vazquez & Ricardo Francisco Reier Forradellas, 2020. "Detection of Financial Inclusion Vulnerable Rural Areas through an Access to Cash Index: Solutions Based on the Pharmacy Network and a CBDC. Evidence Based on Ávila (Spain)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-33, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:18:p:7480-:d:412121
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    Cited by:

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    2. Alfar, Abdelrahman J.K. & Kumpamool, Chamaiporn & Nguyen, Dung T.K. & Ahmed, Rizwan, 2023. "The determinants of issuing central bank digital currencies," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    3. Paulo Rupino Cunha & Paulo Melo & Helder Sebastião, 2021. "From Bitcoin to Central Bank Digital Currencies: Making Sense of the Digital Money Revolution," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-19, June.
    4. Xin, Baogui & Jiang, Kai, 2023. "Central bank digital currency and the effectiveness of negative interest rate policy: A DSGE analysis," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    5. Medina Ayta Mohammed & Carmen De-Pablos-Heredero & José Luis Montes Botella, 2024. "The Role of Financial Sanctions and Financial Development Factors on Central Bank Digital Currency Implementation," FinTech, MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-16, February.
    6. Sergio Luis Náñez Alonso & Javier Jorge-Vázquez & Miguel Ángel Echarte Fernández & Ricardo Francisco Reier Forradellas, 2021. "Cryptocurrency Mining from an Economic and Environmental Perspective. Analysis of the Most and Least Sustainable Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-22, July.
    7. Dmitry V. Boguslavsky & Natalia P. Sharova & Konstantin S. Sharov, 2021. "Cryptocurrency as Epidemiologically Safe Means of Transactions: Diminishing Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Spread," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(24), pages 1-19, December.
    8. Christian Gelleri, 2022. "Creating Monetary Collaborative Spaces for Social and Ecological Transformation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-20, November.
    9. Medina Ayta Mohammed & Carmen De-Pablos-Heredero & José Luis Montes Botella, 2023. "Exploring the Factors Affecting Countries’ Adoption of Blockchain-Enabled Central Bank Digital Currencies," Future Internet, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-14, September.
    10. Bhaskar, Ratikant & Hunjra, Ahmed Imran & Bansal, Shashank & Pandey, Dharen Kumar, 2022. "Central Bank Digital Currencies: Agendas for future research," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).

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