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Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan

Author

Listed:
  • Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato

    (Cyclical Resource Promotion Division, Honda Motor Co., Ltd., Wako 351-0114, Japan
    Department of Management Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan)

  • Toshihiko Nakata

    (Department of Management Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan)

Abstract

This study aims to propose a model to forecast the volume of critical materials that can be recovered from lithium-ion batteries (LiB) through the recycling of end of life electric vehicles (EV). To achieve an environmentally sustainable society, the wide-scale adoption of EV seems to be necessary. Here, the dependency of the vehicle on its batteries has an essential role. The efficient recycling of LiB to minimize its raw material supply risk but also the economic impact of its production process is going to be essential. Initially, this study forecasted the vehicle fleet, sales, and end of life vehicles based on system dynamics modeling considering data of scrapping rates of vehicles by year of life. Then, the volumes of the critical materials supplied for LiB production and recovered from recycling were identified, considering variations in the size/type of batteries. Finally, current limitations to achieve closed-loop production in Japan were identified. The results indicate that the amount of scrapped electric vehicle batteries (EVB) will increase by 55 times from 2018 to 2050, and that 34% of lithium (Li), 50% of cobalt (Co), 28% of nickel (Ni), and 52% of manganese (Mn) required for the production of new LiB could be supplied by recovered EVB in 2035.

Suggested Citation

  • Fernando Enzo Kenta Sato & Toshihiko Nakata, 2019. "Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-18, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2019:i:1:p:147-:d:301243
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gao, Zhiming & Lin, Zhenhong & LaClair, Tim J. & Liu, Changzheng & Li, Jan-Mou & Birky, Alicia K. & Ward, Jacob, 2017. "Battery capacity and recharging needs for electric buses in city transit service," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 588-600.
    2. Sato, Fernando Enzo Kenta & Furubayashi, Takaaki & Nakata, Toshihiko, 2019. "Application of energy and CO2 reduction assessments for end-of-life vehicles recycling in Japan," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 779-794.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hoarau, Quentin & Lorang, Etienne, 2022. "An assessment of the European regulation on battery recycling for electric vehicles," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    2. Luo, Jiaqi & Yang, Ying & Jiang, Yan, 2025. "Assessing the antecedents, processes, and consequences of sustainable electric vehicle battery recycling: A systematic literature review," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).

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