IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jmathe/v7y2019i7p625-d248259.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Bi-Level Programming Model for Optimal Bus Stop Spacing of a Bus Rapid Transit System

Author

Listed:
  • Gang Cheng

    (College of Engineering, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
    College of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China)

  • Shuzhi Zhao

    (College of Transportation, Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China)

  • Tao Zhang

    (Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban ITS, Southeast University, Nanjing 210000, China)

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to create a bi-level programming model for the optimal bus stop spacing of a bus rapid transit (BRT) system, to ensure simultaneous coordination and consider the interests of bus companies and passengers. The top-level model attempts to optimize and determine optimal bus stop spacing to minimize the equivalent costs, including wait, in-vehicle, walk, and operator costs, while the bottom-level model reveals the relation between the locations of stops and spatial service coverage to attract an increasing number of passengers. A case study of Chengdu, by making use of a genetic algorithm, is presented to highlight the validity and practicability of the proposed model and analyze the sensitivity of the coverage coefficient, headway, and speed with different spacing between bus stops.

Suggested Citation

  • Gang Cheng & Shuzhi Zhao & Tao Zhang, 2019. "A Bi-Level Programming Model for Optimal Bus Stop Spacing of a Bus Rapid Transit System," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 7(7), pages 1-14, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:7:y:2019:i:7:p:625-:d:248259
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/7/7/625/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/7/7/625/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fan, Wenbo & Mei, Yu & Gu, Weihua, 2018. "Optimal design of intersecting bimodal transit networks in a grid city," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 203-226.
    2. Tétreault, Paul R. & El-Geneidy, Ahmed M., 2010. "Estimating bus run times for new limited-stop service using archived AVL and APC data," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 44(6), pages 390-402, July.
    3. Tirachini, Alejandro & Hensher, David A. & Rose, John M., 2014. "Multimodal pricing and optimal design of urban public transport: The interplay between traffic congestion and bus crowding," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 33-54.
    4. Krygsman, Stephan & Dijst, Martin & Arentze, Theo, 2004. "Multimodal public transport: an analysis of travel time elements and the interconnectivity ratio," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 11(3), pages 265-275, July.
    5. Ibeas, Ángel & dell'Olio, Luigi & Alonso, Borja & Sainz, Olivia, 2010. "Optimizing bus stop spacing in urban areas," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 46(3), pages 446-458, May.
    6. Tirachini, Alejandro, 2014. "The economics and engineering of bus stops: Spacing, design and congestion," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 37-57.
    7. S. C. Wirasinghe & Nadia S. Ghoneim, 1981. "Spacing of Bus-Stops for Many to Many Travel Demand," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 15(3), pages 210-221, August.
    8. Dessouky, Maged & Hall, Randolph & Zhang, Lei & Singh, Ajay, 2003. "Real-time control of buses for schedule coordination at a terminal," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 145-164, February.
    9. Steven Chien & Jongho Byun & Athanassios Bladikas, 2010. "Optimal stop spacing and headway of congested transit system considering realistic wait times," Transportation Planning and Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(6), pages 495-513, June.
    10. Cheng, Han & Mao, Chao & Madanat, Samer & Horvath, Arpad, 2018. "Minimizing the total costs of urban transit systems can reduce greenhouse gas emissions: The case of San Francisco," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 40-48.
    11. Yu, Chunhui & Ma, Wanjing & Lo, Hong K. & Yang, Xiaoguang, 2015. "Optimization of mid-block pedestrian crossing network with discrete demands," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 103-121.
    12. Vukan R. Vuchic & Gordon F. Newell, 1968. "Rapid Transit Interstation Spacings for Minimum Travel Time," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 2(4), pages 303-339, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Jiayi Li & Zhaocheng He & Jiaming Zhong, 2022. "The Multi-Type Demands Oriented Framework for Flex-Route Transit Design," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-23, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tirachini, Alejandro, 2014. "The economics and engineering of bus stops: Spacing, design and congestion," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 37-57.
    2. Hörcher, Daniel & Tirachini, Alejandro, 2021. "A review of public transport economics," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 25(C).
    3. Chen, Jingxu & Liu, Zhiyuan & Zhu, Senlai & Wang, Wei, 2015. "Design of limited-stop bus service with capacity constraint and stochastic travel time," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 1-15.
    4. Börjesson, Maria & Fung, Chau Man & Proost, Stef & Yan, Zifei, 2018. "Do buses hinder cyclists or is it the other way around? Optimal bus fares, bus stops and cycling tolls," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 326-346.
    5. Moccia, Luigi & Laporte, Gilbert, 2016. "Improved models for technology choice in a transit corridor with fixed demand," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 245-270.
    6. Daganzo, Carlos F., 2009. "Structure of Competitive Transit Networks," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt5sj7r3c7, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
    7. Börjesson, Maria & Fung, Chau Man & Proost, Stef & Yan, Zifei, 2017. "Cycling tolls and optimal number of bus stops: the importance of congestion and crowding," Working papers in Transport Economics 2017:10, CTS - Centre for Transport Studies Stockholm (KTH and VTI).
    8. Hörcher, Daniel & Graham, Daniel J., 2018. "Demand imbalances and multi-period public transport supply," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 106-126.
    9. Samanta, Sutapa & Jha, Manoj K., 2011. "Modeling a rail transit alignment considering different objectives," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 45(1), pages 31-45, January.
    10. Li, Zhi-Chun & Lam, William H.K. & Wong, S.C. & Sumalee, A., 2012. "Design of a rail transit line for profit maximization in a linear transportation corridor," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 50-70.
    11. Hugo Badia, 2020. "Comparison of Bus Network Structures in Face of Urban Dispersion for a Ring-Radial City," Networks and Spatial Economics, Springer, vol. 20(1), pages 233-271, March.
    12. Chen, Peng (Will) & Nie, Yu (Marco), 2018. "Optimal design of demand adaptive paired-line hybrid transit: Case of radial route structure," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 71-89.
    13. Fan, Wenbo & Mei, Yu & Gu, Weihua, 2018. "Optimal design of intersecting bimodal transit networks in a grid city," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 203-226.
    14. Gibson, Jaime & Munizaga, Marcela A. & Schneider, Camila & Tirachini, Alejandro, 2016. "Estimating the bus user time benefits of implementing a median busway: Methodology and case study," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 72-82.
    15. Gu, Weihua & Amini, Zahra & Cassidy, Michael J., 2016. "Exploring alternative service schemes for busy transit corridors," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 93(PA), pages 126-145.
    16. Proboste, Francisco & Muñoz, Juan Carlos & Gschwender, Antonio, 2020. "Comparing social costs of public transport networks structured around an Open and Closed BRT corridor in medium sized cities," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 187-212.
    17. Börjesson, Maria & Fung, Chau Man & Proost, Stef & Yan, Zifei, 2018. "Do small cities need more public transport subsidies than big cities?," Working papers in Transport Economics 2018:5, CTS - Centre for Transport Studies Stockholm (KTH and VTI), revised 11 Dec 2018.
    18. Daganzo, Carlos F, 2009. "Structure of Competitive Transit Networks," Institute of Transportation Studies, Research Reports, Working Papers, Proceedings qt17s3b266, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley.
    19. Dröes, Martijn I. & Rietveld, Piet, 2015. "Rail-based public transport and urban spatial structure: The interplay between network design, congestion and urban form," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 421-439.
    20. Ceder, Avishai (Avi) & Butcher, Matthew & Wang, Lingli, 2015. "Optimization of bus stop placement for routes on uneven topography," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 40-61.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:7:y:2019:i:7:p:625-:d:248259. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.