IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jlands/v14y2025i5p932-d1642166.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Perceptual-Preference-Based Touring Routes in Xishu Gardens Using Panoramic Digital-Twin Modeling

Author

Listed:
  • Xueqian Gong

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Zhanyuan Zhu

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
    College of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Xichang University, Xichang 615013, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Li Guo

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China)

  • Yong Zhong

    (CECEP (ChengDu) Ecological Environment Protection Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610400, China)

  • Deshun Zhang

    (College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

  • Jing Li

    (College of Architecture and Urban-Rural Planning, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611830, China)

  • Manqin Yao

    (College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

  • Wei Yong

    (School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China)

  • Mengjia Li

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China)

  • Yujie Huang

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China)

Abstract

Xishu Gardens, an exemplary narrative of classical Chinese gardens, faces challenges in preserving its commemorative spatial structures while accommodating modern visitors’ needs. While trajectory analysis is critical, existing studies struggle to interpret multi-dimensional perception-preference data owing to spatiotemporal mismatches in multi-source datasets. This study adopted an improved Ward–K-medoids hybrid clustering algorithm to analyze 885 trajectory samples and 34,384 synchronized data points capturing emotional valence, cognitive evaluations, and dwell time behaviors via panoramic digital twins across three heritage sites (Du Fu Thatched Cottage, San Su Shrine, and Wangjiang Tower Park). Our key findings include the following: (1) Axial bimodal patterns: Type I high-frequency looping paths (27.6–68.9% recurrence) drive deep exploration, in contrast to Type II linear routes (≤0.5% recurrence), which enable intensive node coverage. (2) Layout-perception dynamics: single-axis layouts maximize behavioral engagement (DFTC), free-form designs achieve optimal emotional-cognitive integration (WTP), and multi-axis systems amplify emotional-cognitive fluctuations (SSS). (3) Spatial preference hierarchy: entrance and waterfront zones demonstrate dwell times 20% longer than site averages. Accordingly, the proposed model synchronizes Type II peak-hour throughput with Type I off-peak experiential depth using dynamic path allocation algorithms. This study underscores the strong spatial guidance mechanisms of Xishu Gardens, supporting tourism management and heritage conservation.

Suggested Citation

  • Xueqian Gong & Zhanyuan Zhu & Li Guo & Yong Zhong & Deshun Zhang & Jing Li & Manqin Yao & Wei Yong & Mengjia Li & Yujie Huang, 2025. "Perceptual-Preference-Based Touring Routes in Xishu Gardens Using Panoramic Digital-Twin Modeling," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-18, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:5:p:932-:d:1642166
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/5/932/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/5/932/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ajzen, Icek, 1991. "The theory of planned behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 50(2), pages 179-211, December.
    2. Chengcheng Zeng & Bingyang Lyu & Songyuan Deng & Yan Yu & Nian Li & Wei Lin & Di Li & Qibing Chen, 2020. "Benefits of a Three-Day Bamboo Forest Therapy Session on the Physiological Responses of University Students," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-17, May.
    3. Xin Li & Bing Xia & Anne Lusk & Xing Liu & Ning Lu, 2019. "The Humanmade Paradise: Exploring the Perceived Dimensions and Their Associations with Aesthetic Pleasure for Liu Yuan, a Chinese Classical Garden," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-16, March.
    4. Li Guo & Jiao Xu & Jing Li & Zhanyuan Zhu, 2023. "Digital Preservation of Du Fu Thatched Cottage Memorial Garden," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-21, January.
    5. Yan Han & Hongzhi Guan & Jiaying Duan, 2014. "Tour Route Multiobjective Optimization Design Based on the Tourist Satisfaction," Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, Hindawi, vol. 2014, pages 1-8, January.
    6. Jing Xie & Shixian Luo & Katsunori Furuya & Takahide Kagawa & Mian Yang, 2022. "A Preferred Road to Mental Restoration in the Chinese Classical Garden," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-16, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Huishu Chen & Li Yang, 2023. "Analysis of Narrative Space in the Chinese Classical Garden Based on Narratology and Space Syntax—Taking the Humble Administrator’s Garden as an Example," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-22, August.
    2. Haiyan Zhu & Hongzhi Guan & Yan Han & Wanying Li, 2019. "A Study of Tourists’ Holiday Rush-Hour Avoidance Travel Behavior Considering Psychographic Segmentation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(13), pages 1-20, July.
    3. Maria Andersson & Ola Eriksson & Chris Von Borgstede, 2012. "The Effects of Environmental Management Systems on Source Separation in the Work and Home Settings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 4(6), pages 1-17, June.
    4. Tran Huy Phuong & Thanh Trung Hieu, 2015. "Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intentions of Undergraduate Students in Vietnam: An Empirical Study," International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, vol. 5(8), pages 46-55, August.
    5. Clara Cardone-Riportella & María José Casasola-Martinez & Isabel Feito-Ruiz, 2014. "Do Entrepreneurs Come From Venus Or Mars? Impact Of Postgraduate Studies: Gender And Family Business Background," Working Papers 14.04, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Department of Financial Economics and Accounting (former Department of Business Administration), revised Sep 2014.
    6. Peng Cheng & Zhe Ouyang & Yang Liu, 0. "The effect of information overload on the intention of consumers to adopt electric vehicles," Transportation, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-20.
    7. Ruijie Zhu & Guojing Zhao & Zehai Long & Yangjie Huang & Zhaoxin Huang, 2022. "Entrepreneurship or Employment? A Survey of College Students’ Sustainable Entrepreneurial Intentions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-15, May.
    8. Alsalem, Amani & Fry, Marie-Louise & Thaichon, Park, 2020. "To donate or to waste it: Understanding posthumous organ donation attitude," Australasian marketing journal, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 87-97.
    9. Pan, Jing Yu & Liu, Dahai, 2022. "Mask-wearing intentions on airplanes during COVID-19 – Application of theory of planned behavior model," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 32-44.
    10. Mohammed Akhmaaj, Asmaeil Ali & Sharif, Mohamed Omar, 2024. "The effects of planned behavior model constructs and technology acceptance model constructs on online purchasing behavior: An empirical study on internet users in the Libya city of Tripoli," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    11. Benoît Lécureux & Adrien Bonnet & Ouassim Manout & Jaâfar Berrada & Louafi Bouzouina, 2022. "Acceptance of Shared Autonomous Vehicles: A Literature Review of stated choice experiments," Working Papers hal-03814947, HAL.
    12. Jacqueline Ruth & Steffen Willwacher & Oliver Korn, 2022. "Acceptance of Digital Sports: A Study Showing the Rising Acceptance of Digital Health Activities Due to the SARS-CoV-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-16, January.
    13. Jariyasunant, Jerald & Carrel, Andre & Ekambaram, Venkatesan & Gaker, David & Sengupta, Raja & Walker, Joan L., 2012. "The Quantified Traveler: Changing transport behavior with personalized travel data feedback," University of California Transportation Center, Working Papers qt3047k0dw, University of California Transportation Center.
    14. Brown, Philip & Roper, Simon, 2017. "Innovation and networks in New Zealand farming," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 61(3), July.
    15. Teodora Roman, 2009. "Study regarding entrepreneurial intentions among students," THE YEARBOOK OF THE "GH. ZANE" INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC RESEARCHES, Gheorghe Zane Institute for Economic and Social Research ( from THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY, JASSY BRANCH), vol. 18, pages 87-94.
    16. Messele Kumilachew Aga, 2023. "The mediating role of perceived behavioral control in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions of university students in Ethiopia," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 1-18, December.
    17. Kristin Thomas & Evalill Nilsson & Karin Festin & Pontus Henriksson & Mats Lowén & Marie Löf & Margareta Kristenson, 2020. "Associations of Psychosocial Factors with Multiple Health Behaviors: A Population-Based Study of Middle-Aged Men and Women," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-17, February.
    18. Andreas Falke & Nadine Schröder & Claudia Hofmann, 2022. "The influence of values in sustainable consumption among millennials," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 92(6), pages 899-928, August.
    19. Kamruzzaman, Md. & Baker, Douglas & Washington, Simon & Turrell, Gavin, 2013. "Residential dissonance and mode choice," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 12-28.
    20. Ficko, Andrej & Boncina, Andrej, 2013. "Probabilistic typology of management decision making in private forest properties," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 34-43.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:5:p:932-:d:1642166. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.