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A Typology of Livable Communities and Older Adults’ Health in the U.S

Author

Listed:
  • Kyeongmo Kim

    (School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA)

  • Denise Burnette

    (School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA)

  • Sol Baik

    (Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA)

  • Seon Kim

    (Department of Social Welfare, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeollanamdo 57922, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Neighborhoods with high-quality built environments and social environments are associated with older adults’ well-being. However, research on the complex interplay of neighborhood types and health outcomes is limited, as is the role of functional limitations. This study aims to: (1) identify neighborhood types, (2) explore the association of neighborhood type and older adults’ health, and (3) assess whether functional status affects this association. We merged data from the 2017 AARP Age-Friendly Communities Surveys and the Livability Index. Our sample included 3211 adults aged 65 and older; the majority (59%) were female. Participants identified as non-Hispanic White (81%), Hispanic (8%), Black (6%), and a member of another racial/ethnic group (2%). Employing latent class analysis, we identified a four-class model of neighborhood types: “Connected yet Limited Services”, “Service Integrated”, “Healthy Environment Zones”, and “Supportive Social Engagement”. Older adults in “connected yet limited services” and “service-integrated” neighborhoods had worse self-rated health than those in “supportive social engagement” neighborhoods, especially among those who reported functional limitations. Our findings indicate that older adults with functional limitations particularly benefit from neighborhoods with robust health support and social engagement opportunities, highlighting the importance of designing inclusive and adaptable age-friendly environments to address diverse and changing needs.

Suggested Citation

  • Kyeongmo Kim & Denise Burnette & Sol Baik & Seon Kim, 2025. "A Typology of Livable Communities and Older Adults’ Health in the U.S," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(5), pages 1-13, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:22:y:2025:i:5:p:676-:d:1642118
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Shilpi Mittal & Jayprakash Chadchan & Sudipta K. Mishra, 2020. "Review of Concepts, Tools and Indices for the Assessment of Urban Quality of Life," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 149(1), pages 187-214, May.
    2. Bolck, Annabel & Croon, Marcel & Hagenaars, Jacques, 2004. "Estimating Latent Structure Models with Categorical Variables: One-Step Versus Three-Step Estimators," Political Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 12(1), pages 3-27, January.
    3. Xue Zhang, 2022. "Linking People’s Mobility and Place Livability: Implications for Rural Communities," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 36(3), pages 149-159, August.
    4. Kyeongmo Kim & Thomas D. Buckley & Denise Burnette & Jin Huang & Seon Kim, 2022. "Age-Friendly Communities and Older Adults’ Health in the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-12, July.
    5. Moses Wong & Ruby Yu & Jean Woo, 2017. "Effects of Perceived Neighbourhood Environments on Self-Rated Health among Community-Dwelling Older Chinese," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-17, June.
    6. Shiwang Yu & Yong Liu & Caiyun Cui & Bo Xia, 2019. "Influence of Outdoor Living Environment on Elders’ Quality of Life in Old Residential Communities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(23), pages 1-17, November.
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