IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v20y2023i3p2204-d1047117.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Present and Future Drinking Water Security and Its Impacts on Maternities: A Multi-Scale Assessment of Sudan

Author

Listed:
  • Vincent Simonin

    (Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Bd Carl-Vogt 66, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland)

  • Saeid Ashraf Vaghefi

    (Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland)

  • Zeinab M. Abdelgadir

    (United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), Port Sudan, Sudan)

  • Dalya Eltayeb

    (Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan)

  • Mohammed Ahmed M. Sidahmed

    (The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Khartoum, Sudan)

  • Jean-Pierre Monet

    (The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Technical Division, 605 3rd Ave, New York, NY 10158, USA)

  • Nicolas Ray

    (Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Bd Carl-Vogt 66, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
    GeoHealth Group, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland)

Abstract

Adequate access to drinking water for hydration and hygiene depends on many factors. We developed the Drinking Water Security Index (DWSI) to assess relative multifactorial drinking water security at different spatial and temporal scales. DWSI is a function of four key indicators of drinking water security: water quality, water accessibility, water continuity, and water availability. We built DWSI with a total of 10 variables and applied the new index in Sudan to assess historical and future drinking water security at state, local, and maternity levels. Analyses at the state level found that the Red Sea and River Nile states are most vulnerable, with the lowest DWSI for both historical and future periods. The 1 km 2 pixel level analysis shows large differences in water security within the major states. Analyses at the maternity level showed that nearly 18.97 million people are affected by the 10% of maternities with the lowest DWSI, a number projected to increase by 60% by 2030. Current and future DWSI of maternities providing Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care was assessed to identify those where urgent action is needed to ensure quality health care in water-secure conditions. This work provides useful information for stakeholders in the health and drinking water sectors in Sudan, to improve public health, reduce preventable mortality, and make the population more resilient to projected environmental changes.

Suggested Citation

  • Vincent Simonin & Saeid Ashraf Vaghefi & Zeinab M. Abdelgadir & Dalya Eltayeb & Mohammed Ahmed M. Sidahmed & Jean-Pierre Monet & Nicolas Ray, 2023. "Present and Future Drinking Water Security and Its Impacts on Maternities: A Multi-Scale Assessment of Sudan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-20, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2204-:d:1047117
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/2204/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/2204/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Schuol, J. & Abbaspour, K.C., 2007. "Using monthly weather statistics to generate daily data in a SWAT model application to West Africa," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 201(3), pages 301-311.
    2. Jonathan Lautze & Herath Manthrithilake, 2012. "Water security: Old concepts, new package, what value?," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 36(2), pages 76-87, May.
    3. Peter Lawrence & Jeremy Meigh & Caroline Sullivan, 2002. "The Water Poverty Index: an International Comparison," Development and Comp Systems 0211003, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Jonathan Lautze & Herath Manthrithilake, 2012. "Water security: Old concepts, new package, what value?," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 36, pages 76-87, May.
    5. Georgia L. Kayser & Patrick Moriarty & Catarina Fonseca & Jamie Bartram, 2013. "Domestic Water Service Delivery Indicators and Frameworks for Monitoring, Evaluation, Policy and Planning: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-24, October.
    6. Omer, Abdeen Mustafa, 2008. "Water resources and freshwater ecosystems in Sudan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(8), pages 2066-2091, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Itay Fischhendler & David Katz, 2013. "The use of “security” jargon in sustainable development discourse: evidence from UN Commission on Sustainable Development," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 13(3), pages 321-342, September.
    2. Juliana Marcal & Blanca Antizar-Ladislao & Jan Hofman, 2021. "Addressing Water Security: An Overview," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-18, December.
    3. Thapa, Bhesh Raj & Ishidaira, H. & Pandey, Vishnu Prasad & Bhandari, T. M. & Shakya, N. M., 2018. "Evaluation of water security in Kathmandu Valley before and after water transfer from another basin," Papers published in Journals (Open Access), International Water Management Institute, pages 10(2):1-12..
    4. Ray Biswas, Rahul & Rahman, Anisur, 2023. "Development and application of regional urban water security indicators," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    5. Jagriti Kher & Savita Aggarwal & Geeta Punhani, 2015. "Vulnerability of Poor Urban Women to Climate-linked Water Insecurities at the Household Level: A Case Study of Slums in Delhi," Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Centre for Women's Development Studies, vol. 22(1), pages 15-40, February.
    6. Cole, Matthew A. & Elliott, Robert J.R. & Strobl, Eric, 2014. "Climate Change, Hydro-Dependency, and the African Dam Boom," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 84-98.
    7. Elodie Blanc & Eric Strobl, 2013. "The impact of climate change on cropland productivity: evidence from satellite based products at the river basin scale in Africa," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 117(4), pages 873-890, April.
    8. Hatem Jemmali & Mohamed Salah Matoussi, 2012. "A Multidimensional Analysis of Water Poverty at A Local Scale- Application of Improved Water Poverty Index for Tunisia," Working Papers 730, Economic Research Forum, revised 2012.
    9. Hassan Tolba Aboelnga & Lars Ribbe & Franz-Bernd Frechen & Jamal Saghir, 2019. "Urban Water Security: Definition and Assessment Framework," Resources, MDPI, vol. 8(4), pages 1-19, November.
    10. Santosh Thampi & Kolladi Raneesh & T. Surya, 2010. "Influence of Scale on SWAT Model Calibration for Streamflow in a River Basin in the Humid Tropics," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 24(15), pages 4567-4578, December.
    11. Zineb Moumen & Najiba El Amrani El Idrissi & Manuela Tvaronavičienė & Abderrahim Lahrach, 2019. "Water security and sustainable development," Post-Print hal-02342701, HAL.
    12. de Castro-Pardo, Mónica & Cabello, José Manuel & Martín, José María & Ruiz, Francisco, 2023. "A multi reference point based index to assess and monitor European water policies from a sustainability approach," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    13. Hatem Jemmali, 2017. "Mapping water poverty in Africa using the improved Multidimensional Index of Water Poverty," International Journal of Water Resources Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(4), pages 649-666, July.
    14. Sharma, Bharat R. & Riaz, M.V. & Pant, Dhruba & Adhikary, D.L. & Bhatt, B.P. & Rahman, H., 2010. "Water poverty in the northeastern hill region (India): Potential alleviation through multiple-use water systems: Cross-learnings from Nepal Hills," IWMI Research Reports 91466, International Water Management Institute.
    15. M. Mekonnen & A. Hoekstra & R. Becht, 2012. "Mitigating the Water Footprint of Export Cut Flowers from the Lake Naivasha Basin, Kenya," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 26(13), pages 3725-3742, October.
    16. Saleh A Wasimi & Nahlah Abbas & Nadhir Al Ansari, 2018. "Climate Change Adaptation Considerations for Agriculture for North-East Iraq," Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research, Lupine Publishers, LLC, vol. 2(4), pages 236-242, May.
    17. C.A. Sullivan & J.R. Meigh & A.M. Giacomello, 2003. "The Water Poverty Index: Development and application at the community scale," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 27(3), pages 189-199, August.
    18. Caroline Sullivan & Jeremy Meigh, 2007. "Integration of the biophysical and social sciences using an indicator approach: Addressing water problems at different scales," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 21(1), pages 111-128, January.
    19. Ali Arefinia & Omid Bozorg-Haddad & Khaled Ahmadaali & Babak Zolghadr-Asli & Hugo A. Loáiciga, 2022. "Cropping patterns based on virtual water content considering water and food security under climate change conditions," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 114(2), pages 1709-1721, November.
    20. Saroj Koirala & Yiping Fang & Nirmal Mani Dahal & Chenjia Zhang & Bikram Pandey & Sabita Shrestha, 2020. "Application of Water Poverty Index (WPI) in Spatial Analysis of Water Stress in Koshi River Basin, Nepal," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-20, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2204-:d:1047117. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.