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Major Depression in Postpartum Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Can Social Support Buffer Psychosocial Risks and Substance Use?

Author

Listed:
  • Krista J. Howard

    (Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA)

  • Caleb Leong

    (Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
    Consequences of Trauma Working Group, The Center for Community-Based and Applied Health Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA)

  • Sidney Chambless

    (Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA)

  • Timothy J. Grigsby

    (Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA)

  • Millie Cordaro

    (Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA)

  • Jessica K. Perrotte

    (Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666, USA)

  • Jeffrey T. Howard

    (Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
    Consequences of Trauma Working Group, The Center for Community-Based and Applied Health Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA)

Abstract

Rates of mood disorders and substance use increased during the COVID-19 pandemic for postpartum women. The present study’s aims were to: (1) examine the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) evaluate whether social support can buffer the associations between MDD, psychosocial factors (perceived stress, generalized anxiety, and intimate partner violence) and substance use (alcohol and drug use). A nationwide survey included 593 postpartum mothers (within 12 months from birth). Participants were assessed for a provisional diagnosis of MDD, and provided responses on validated instruments measuring stress, intimate partner violence, suicidal ideation, generalized anxiety, social support, and substance use. A hierarchical logistic regression model assessed the association of psychosocial factors and substance use with MDD. The final model shows that social support attenuates the association of MDD with perceived stress, alcohol use, and drug use, but does not buffer the relationship of MDD with anxiety or intimate partner violence. Social support was shown to significantly attenuate the effects of stress, alcohol use, and drug use on MDD, suggesting that the presence of a strong, supportive social network should be an area of increased focus for public health and healthcare professionals when caring for postpartum women.

Suggested Citation

  • Krista J. Howard & Caleb Leong & Sidney Chambless & Timothy J. Grigsby & Millie Cordaro & Jessica K. Perrotte & Jeffrey T. Howard, 2022. "Major Depression in Postpartum Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Can Social Support Buffer Psychosocial Risks and Substance Use?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-13, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:23:p:15748-:d:984994
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Qianqian Chen & Wenjie Li & Juan Xiong & Xujuan Zheng, 2022. "Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Postpartum Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-11, February.
    2. Ivar Krumpal, 2013. "Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: a literature review," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 47(4), pages 2025-2047, June.
    3. Sunhae Kim & Hye-Kyung Lee & Kounseok Lee, 2021. "Which PHQ-9 Items Can Effectively Screen for Suicide? Machine Learning Approaches," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-10, March.
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    1. Jusung Lee & Krista J. Howard & Caleb Leong & Timothy J. Grigsby & Jeffrey T. Howard, 2023. "Beyond Being Insured: Insurance Coverage Denial as a Major Barrier to Accessing Care During Pregnancy and Postpartum," Clinical Nursing Research, , vol. 32(8), pages 1092-1103, November.

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