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Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Postpartum Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

Author

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  • Qianqian Chen

    (Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Wenjie Li

    (Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Juan Xiong

    (Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China)

  • Xujuan Zheng

    (Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China)

Abstract

Background: Owing to the high prevalence and detrimental consequences, postpartum depression (PPD) has been identified as one of the severe global public health issues in the last decade. Prior research found that during disasters or events, the prevalence rates of mental disorders among postpartum women are significantly high. However, the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on PPD and its risk factors remained unclear for postpartum women. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of PPD and to summarize risk factors for PPD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Three electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases were systematically searched for articles from their commencements until 1 November 2021. Quality assessment of included studies, random-effects meta-analysis, and sensitivity analysis were performed. Results: A total of eight studies with 6480 postpartum women during the COVID-19 pandemic were included, and most studies were conducted in developed countries. The pooled prevalence of PPD was 34% (95% CI: 21–46%) during the COVID-19 pandemic, much higher than the incident of previous research during the non-pandemic period. Risk factors for PPD during the COVID-19 pandemic were defined as socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, stress and anxiety, lack of various supports, and the COVID-19 related factors. Conclusion: The research findings indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic could make detrimental effects on maternal mental wellbeing among women after childbirth. Investigating the prevalence and risk factors of PPD among postpartum women could shed some light on their mental and emotional states; so that support measures and tailored interventions from health professionals and policymakers could be offered to improve the maternal and infant outcomes, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Much more research on maternal psychological wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic was strongly recommended to undertake in the middle and low-income countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Qianqian Chen & Wenjie Li & Juan Xiong & Xujuan Zheng, 2022. "Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Postpartum Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-11, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:4:p:2219-:d:750430
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cecilia Peñacoba Puente & Carlos Suso-Ribera & Sheila Blanco Rico & Dolores Marín & Jesús San Román Montero & Patricia Catalá, 2021. "Is the Association between Postpartum Depression and Early Maternal–Infant Relationships Contextually Determined by Avoidant Coping in the Mother?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-14, January.
    2. Abel Fekadu Dadi & Emma R Miller & Lillian Mwanri, 2020. "Antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(1), pages 1-23, January.
    3. Michael Ceulemans & Jan Y. Verbakel & Kristel Van Calsteren & An Eerdekens & Karel Allegaert & Veerle Foulon, 2020. "SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Results from an Observational Study in Primary Care in Belgium," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-10, September.
    4. Blanca Vianey Suárez-Rico & Guadalupe Estrada-Gutierrez & Maribel Sánchez-Martínez & Otilia Perichart-Perera & Carolina Rodríguez-Hernández & Carla González-Leyva & Erika Osorio-Valencia & Arturo Card, 2021. "Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Perceived Stress in Postpartum Mexican Women during the COVID-19 Lockdown," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-9, April.
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    1. Genova Federica & Tambelli Renata & Eleonora Marzilli, 2023. "Parental Postnatal Depression in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Its Effects on the Parent–Child Relationship and the Child’s Developmental Outcomes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-25, January.
    2. Stéphanie Vanwalleghem & Raphaële Miljkovitch & Aino Sirparanta & Camille Toléon & Stéphanie Leclercq & Anne-Sophie Deborde, 2023. "Maternal Attachment Networks and Mother–Infant Bonding Disturbances among Mothers with Postpartum Major Depression," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(12), pages 1-12, June.
    3. Krista J. Howard & Caleb Leong & Sidney Chambless & Timothy J. Grigsby & Millie Cordaro & Jessica K. Perrotte & Jeffrey T. Howard, 2022. "Major Depression in Postpartum Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Can Social Support Buffer Psychosocial Risks and Substance Use?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-13, November.
    4. Shoug Alashmali & Arwa S. Almasaudi & Haya S. Zedan & Baian A. Baattaiah & Yazed Alashmali, 2022. "The Effect of Dairy Products and Nutrient Intake after Childbirth on the Risk of Postpartum Depression," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(24), pages 1-12, December.

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