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Latent Class Analysis of Victimization Patterns and Associated Protective Factors among LGBTQ Youth

Author

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  • Alberto Valido

    (School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Matthew Rivas-Koehl

    (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Dane Rivas-Koehl

    (Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA)

  • Dorothy L. Espelage

    (School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA)

  • Timothy I. Lawrence

    (College of Arts and Sciences Psychology Department, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA)

  • Luz E. Robinson

    (School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA)

Abstract

Youth victimization in schools remains a fervent public health issue, despite increased awareness of this issue, and this is especially true for marginalized populations like lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth. Youth violence has been studied widely, but less research has sought to understand factors protective of violence victimization, particularly protective factors shared across multiple forms of violence. In the current study, we utilized latent class analysis to test patterns of three types of victimization: peer victimization (PV), homophobic name-calling victimization (HNCV), and sexual harassment victimization (SHV). In addition, we tested protective factors associated with experiencing these types of violence. Our sample included 4778 9–11th graders in the United States, of which about 15% identified as LGBTQ. Three unique classes of victimization emerged, suggesting that concurrent forms of violence occur among some groups of adolescents. LGBTQ youth were more likely to be members of classes which demonstrated higher levels of victimization. Consistent with previous literature, medical access, counseling access, family support, peer support, and spirituality emerged as significant protective factors associated with a lower risk of victimization. We discuss the implications of our findings with specific attention to protecting the wellbeing of SGM youth.

Suggested Citation

  • Alberto Valido & Matthew Rivas-Koehl & Dane Rivas-Koehl & Dorothy L. Espelage & Timothy I. Lawrence & Luz E. Robinson, 2022. "Latent Class Analysis of Victimization Patterns and Associated Protective Factors among LGBTQ Youth," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-20, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:16:p:9953-:d:886515
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Vermunt, Jeroen K., 2010. "Latent Class Modeling with Covariates: Two Improved Three-Step Approaches," Political Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 18(4), pages 450-469.
    2. Espelage, Dorothy L. & Hong, Jun Sung & Rinehart, Sarah & Doshi, Namrata, 2016. "Understanding types, locations, & perpetrators of peer-to-peer sexual harassment in U.S. middle schools: A focus on sex, racial, and grade differences," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 174-183.
    3. Wyman, P.A. & Brown, C.H. & LoMurray, M. & Schmeelk-Cone, K. & Petrova, M. & Yu, Q. & Walsh, E. & Tu, X. & Wang, W., 2010. "An outcome evaluation of the sources of strength suicide prevention program delivered by adolescent peer leaders in high schools," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 100(9), pages 1653-1661.
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    1. Linda Charmaraman & Alice Zhang & Kaitlyn Wang & Becky Chen, 2024. "Sexual Minorities and Loneliness: Exploring Sexuality through Social Media and Gender–Sexuality Alliance (GSA) Supports," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(3), pages 1-17, March.

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