IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v17y2020i23p9094-d457436.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Sleep During “Lockdown” in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Listed:
  • Athanasia Trakada

    (Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Division of Pulmonology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece)

  • Pantelis T. Nikolaidis

    (School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece)

  • Marilia dos Santos Andrade

    (Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil)

  • Paulo José Puccinelli

    (Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil)

  • Nicholas-Tiberio Economou

    (Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Division of Pulmonology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece)

  • Paschalis Steiropoulos

    (Department of Pulmonology, Democritus University of Thrace Medical School, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece)

  • Beat Knechtle

    (Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland)

  • Georgia Trakada

    (Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Division of Pulmonology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine if the lockdown measures applied due to the pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected the sleep of the general population and health professionals in six different countries (Greece, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, France, and Brazil). We used a web-based survey with a short questionnaire of 13 questions, translated into four languages (Greek, German, French, and Portuguese). The questionnaire included information about demographic and professional data, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sleep, degree of abidance in lockdown measures, and data about illness or close contact with active confirmed cases of COVID-19. Initially, 2093 individuals participated. After exclusion of those who did not report their duration of sleep, the final sample comprised 1908 participants (Greek, n = 1271; German, n = 257, French, n = 48; Portuguese, n = 332), aged 42.6 ± 12.7 years, who were considered for further analysis. A main effect of the lockdown week on sleep duration was observed (+0.25 h; 95% confidence intervals, CI, 0.17, 0.32; p < 0.001), with the total sleep time of the lockdown week being longer than that under normal conditions. A week*occupation interaction on sleep duration was demonstrated ( p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.012). Sleep duration remained stable in health professionals (−0.18 h; 95% CI −0.36, 0.01; p = 0.063), whereas it increased in other occupations by 0.31 h (95% CI, 0.24, 0.39; p < 0.001). In terms of sleep quality, 15% of participants characterized their sleep as bad and 37.9% as average during the lockdown week. Almost 1 in 3 individuals (31.3%) reported worse quality of sleep during the lockdown week than under normal conditions. Sleep during the lockdown week was characterized as good by 47.1%, but only 38% of the health professionals group. In conclusion, the COVID−19 pandemic and lockdown affected sleep in different ways, depending on age, level of education, occupation, and country of residence.

Suggested Citation

  • Athanasia Trakada & Pantelis T. Nikolaidis & Marilia dos Santos Andrade & Paulo José Puccinelli & Nicholas-Tiberio Economou & Paschalis Steiropoulos & Beat Knechtle & Georgia Trakada, 2020. "Sleep During “Lockdown” in the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-10, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:23:p:9094-:d:457436
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/23/9094/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/23/9094/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Biddle, Jeff E & Hamermesh, Daniel S, 1990. "Sleep and the Allocation of Time," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(5), pages 922-943, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Stefania Costi & Sara Paltrinieri & Barbara Bressi & Stefania Fugazzaro & Paolo Giorgi Rossi & Elisa Mazzini, 2021. "Poor Sleep during the First Peak of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-14, January.
    2. Teresa Paiva & Cátia Reis & Amélia Feliciano & Hugo Canas-Simião & Maria Augusta Machado & Tânia Gaspar & Gina Tomé & Cátia Branquinho & Maria Raquel Silva & Lúcia Ramiro & Susana Gaspar & Carla Bente, 2021. "Sleep and Awakening Quality during COVID-19 Confinement: Complexity and Relevance for Health and Behavior," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-17, March.
    3. Vlad Sever Neculicioiu & Ioana Alina Colosi & Carmen Costache & Alexandra Sevastre-Berghian & Simona Clichici, 2022. "Time to Sleep?—A Review of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sleep and Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-22, March.
    4. Argyrios Eleftherios Barbouzas & Foteini Malli & Zoe Daniil & Konstantinos Gourgoulianis, 2022. "Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Sleep Quality and Lifestyle in Young Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-16, September.
    5. Zisis Papazisis & Pantelis T. Nikolaidis & Georgia Trakada, 2021. "Sleep, Physical Activity, and Diet of Adults during the Second Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-11, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Valerie A. Ramey & Neville Francis, 2009. "A Century of Work and Leisure," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 1(2), pages 189-224, July.
    2. repec:hal:wpspec:info:hdl:2441/8651 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Billari, Francesco C. & Giuntella, Osea & Stella, Luca, 2018. "Broadband internet, digital temptations, and sleep," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 153(C), pages 58-76.
    4. repec:hal:wpspec:info:hdl:2441/8642 is not listed on IDEAS
    5. R.Ramya, 2019. "Care Work and Time Use: A Focus on Child Care, Personal Care and Elderly Care Time," Shanlax International Journal of Economics, Shanlax Journals, vol. 7(2), pages 34-41, March.
    6. Koulovatianos, Christos & Schröder, Carsten & Schmidt, Ulrich, 2005. "Non-market time and household well-being," Discussion Papers 2005/11, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
    7. Kuroda, Sachiko, 2010. "Do Japanese Work Shorter Hours than before? Measuring trends in market work and leisure using 1976-2006 Japanese time-use survey," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 481-502, December.
    8. Christian Pfeifer, 2015. "UnfairWage Perceptions and Sleep: Evidence from German Survey Data," Schmollers Jahrbuch : Journal of Applied Social Science Studies / Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, vol. 135(4), pages 413-428.
    9. Naomi Friedman-Sokuler & Claudia Senik, 2022. "Time-Use and Subjective Well-Being: Is there a Preference for Activity Diversity?," PSE Working Papers halshs-03828272, HAL.
    10. Joshua Graff Zivin & Matthew Neidell, 2014. "Temperature and the Allocation of Time: Implications for Climate Change," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 32(1), pages 1-26.
    11. Jara-Díaz, Sergio & Rosales-Salas, Jorge, 2017. "Beyond transport time: A review of time use modeling," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 209-230.
    12. Joelle Abramowitz, 2016. "The connection between working hours and body mass index in the U.S.: a time use analysis," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 131-154, March.
    13. Andrew E. Clark & Elena Stancanelli, 2016. "Individual Well-Being and the Allocation of Time Before and After the Boston Marathon Terrorist Bombing," PSE Working Papers hal-01302843, HAL.
    14. Fahr, René, 2003. "Loafing or Learning? The Demand for Informal Education," IZA Discussion Papers 859, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    15. Daniel S. Hamermesh, 1999. "The Art of Labormetrics," NBER Working Papers 6927, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    16. Michael C Burda & Daniel S Hamermesh & Philippe Weil, 2006. "Different but Equal: Total Work, Gender and Social Norms in the EU and US Time Use," Post-Print hal-01053588, HAL.
    17. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/8651 is not listed on IDEAS
    18. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/eu4vqp9ompqllr09j0h08322p is not listed on IDEAS
    19. Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio & Molina, Jose Alberto, 2015. "Health status and the allocation of time: Cross-country evidence from Europe," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 188-203.
    20. Tadashi Yamada & Tetsuji Yamada, 1993. "The Allocation of Time: Young Versus Elderly Households in Japan," NBER Working Papers 4386, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    21. Mark Aguiar & Erik Hurst, 2007. "Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 122(3), pages 969-1006.
    22. Michael Burda & Daniel Hamermesh & Philippe Weil, 2013. "Total work and gender: facts and possible explanations," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 26(1), pages 239-261, January.
    23. Marta Lachowska, 2013. "Employment Relations and Wages: What Can We Learn from Subjective Assessments?," Upjohn Working Papers 13-196, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
    24. Reinstein, David, 2006. "Does One Contribution Come at the Expense of Another? Empirical Evidence on Substitution Between Charitable Donations," Economics Discussion Papers 2938, University of Essex, Department of Economics.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:23:p:9094-:d:457436. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.