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Sleep During “Lockdown” in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Listed:
  • Athanasia Trakada

    (Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Division of Pulmonology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece)

  • Pantelis T. Nikolaidis

    (School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece)

  • Marilia dos Santos Andrade

    (Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil)

  • Paulo José Puccinelli

    (Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil)

  • Nicholas-Tiberio Economou

    (Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Division of Pulmonology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece)

  • Paschalis Steiropoulos

    (Department of Pulmonology, Democritus University of Thrace Medical School, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece)

  • Beat Knechtle

    (Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland)

  • Georgia Trakada

    (Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Division of Pulmonology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine if the lockdown measures applied due to the pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected the sleep of the general population and health professionals in six different countries (Greece, Switzerland, Austria, Germany, France, and Brazil). We used a web-based survey with a short questionnaire of 13 questions, translated into four languages (Greek, German, French, and Portuguese). The questionnaire included information about demographic and professional data, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sleep, degree of abidance in lockdown measures, and data about illness or close contact with active confirmed cases of COVID-19. Initially, 2093 individuals participated. After exclusion of those who did not report their duration of sleep, the final sample comprised 1908 participants (Greek, n = 1271; German, n = 257, French, n = 48; Portuguese, n = 332), aged 42.6 ± 12.7 years, who were considered for further analysis. A main effect of the lockdown week on sleep duration was observed (+0.25 h; 95% confidence intervals, CI, 0.17, 0.32; p < 0.001), with the total sleep time of the lockdown week being longer than that under normal conditions. A week*occupation interaction on sleep duration was demonstrated ( p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.012). Sleep duration remained stable in health professionals (−0.18 h; 95% CI −0.36, 0.01; p = 0.063), whereas it increased in other occupations by 0.31 h (95% CI, 0.24, 0.39; p < 0.001). In terms of sleep quality, 15% of participants characterized their sleep as bad and 37.9% as average during the lockdown week. Almost 1 in 3 individuals (31.3%) reported worse quality of sleep during the lockdown week than under normal conditions. Sleep during the lockdown week was characterized as good by 47.1%, but only 38% of the health professionals group. In conclusion, the COVID−19 pandemic and lockdown affected sleep in different ways, depending on age, level of education, occupation, and country of residence.

Suggested Citation

  • Athanasia Trakada & Pantelis T. Nikolaidis & Marilia dos Santos Andrade & Paulo José Puccinelli & Nicholas-Tiberio Economou & Paschalis Steiropoulos & Beat Knechtle & Georgia Trakada, 2020. "Sleep During “Lockdown” in the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-10, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:23:p:9094-:d:457436
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Biddle, Jeff E & Hamermesh, Daniel S, 1990. "Sleep and the Allocation of Time," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(5), pages 922-943, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Stefania Costi & Sara Paltrinieri & Barbara Bressi & Stefania Fugazzaro & Paolo Giorgi Rossi & Elisa Mazzini, 2021. "Poor Sleep during the First Peak of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-14, January.
    2. Zisis Papazisis & Pantelis T. Nikolaidis & Georgia Trakada, 2021. "Sleep, Physical Activity, and Diet of Adults during the Second Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-11, July.
    3. Teresa Paiva & Cátia Reis & Amélia Feliciano & Hugo Canas-Simião & Maria Augusta Machado & Tânia Gaspar & Gina Tomé & Cátia Branquinho & Maria Raquel Silva & Lúcia Ramiro & Susana Gaspar & Carla Bente, 2021. "Sleep and Awakening Quality during COVID-19 Confinement: Complexity and Relevance for Health and Behavior," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-17, March.
    4. Vlad Sever Neculicioiu & Ioana Alina Colosi & Carmen Costache & Alexandra Sevastre-Berghian & Simona Clichici, 2022. "Time to Sleep?—A Review of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sleep and Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-22, March.
    5. Argyrios Eleftherios Barbouzas & Foteini Malli & Zoe Daniil & Konstantinos Gourgoulianis, 2022. "Long-Term Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Sleep Quality and Lifestyle in Young Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-16, September.

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