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Workplace-Based Organizational Interventions Promoting Mental Health and Happiness among Healthcare Workers: A Realist Review

Author

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  • Patricia Gray

    (School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada)

  • Sipho Senabe

    (Gauteng Department of Health, Gauteng Provincial Government, 45 Commissioner Street, Marshall Town (Johannesburg) 2147, South Africa)

  • Nisha Naicker

    (National Institute of Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
    School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown 2000, South Africa
    Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa)

  • Spo Kgalamono

    (National Institute of Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
    School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown 2000, South Africa)

  • Annalee Yassi

    (School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada)

  • Jerry M. Spiegel

    (School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada)

Abstract

Mental illness, deemed globally to account for 32% of years lived with a disability, generates significant impacts on workplaces. In particular, healthcare workers experience high rates of mental ill health such as burnout, stress, and depression due to workplace conditions including excessive workloads, workplace violence and bullying, which also produces negative effects on patients as well as on the happiness and wellbeing of those who remain at work. This review was undertaken to synthesize the evidence on workplace-based interventions at the organizational level promoting mental health and wellbeing among healthcare workers, to identify what has been receiving attention in this area and why, especially considering how such positive effects are produced. A search of three premier health-related databases identified 1290 articles that discussed healthcare workers, workplace interventions, and mental health. Following further examination, 46 articles were ultimately selected as meeting the criteria specifying interventions at the organizational level and combined with similar studies included in a relevant Cochrane review. The 60 chosen articles were then analyzed following a realist framework analyzing context, mechanism, and outcome. Most of the studies included in the realist review were conducted in high-income countries, and the types of organizational-level interventions studied included skills and knowledge development, leadership development, communication and team building, stress management as well as workload and time management. Common themes from the realist review highlight the importance of employee engagement in the intervention development and implementation process. The literature review also supports the recognized need for more research on mental health and happiness in low- and middle-income countries, and for studies evaluating the longer-term effects of workplace mental health promotion.

Suggested Citation

  • Patricia Gray & Sipho Senabe & Nisha Naicker & Spo Kgalamono & Annalee Yassi & Jerry M. Spiegel, 2019. "Workplace-Based Organizational Interventions Promoting Mental Health and Happiness among Healthcare Workers: A Realist Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-22, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:22:p:4396-:d:285604
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Francisco Sampaio & Joana Coelho & Patrícia Gonçalves & Carlos Sequeira, 2022. "Protective and Vulnerability Factors of Municipal Workers’ Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-11, October.
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    4. Fraser Carson & Natalie Dynon & Joe Santoro & Peter Kremer, 2020. "Examining Negative Emotional Symptoms and Psychological Wellbeing of Australian Sport Officials," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-14, November.
    5. Magnus Akerstrom & Linda Corin & Jonathan Severin & Ingibjörg H. Jonsdottir & Lisa Björk, 2021. "Can Working Conditions and Employees’ Mental Health Be Improved via Job Stress Interventions Designed and Implemented by Line Managers and Human Resources on an Operational Level?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-16, February.
    6. Maria Marin-Farrona & Manuel Leon-Jimenez & Jorge Garcia-Unanue & Leonor Gallardo & Carmen Crespo-Ruiz & Beatriz Crespo-Ruiz, 2020. "Transtheoretical Model Is Better Predictor of Physiological Stress than Perceived Stress Scale and Work Ability Index among Office Workers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-15, June.
    7. Patricia Angeli da Silva Pigati & Renato Fraga Righetti & Victor Zuniga Dourado & Bruna Tiemi Cunha Nisiaymamoto & Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo & Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério, 2022. "Resilience Improves the Quality of Life and Subjective Happiness of Physiotherapists during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-22, July.
    8. Fabrizio Cedrone & Nausicaa Berselli & Lorenzo Stacchini & Valentina De Nicolò & Marta Caminiti & Angela Ancona & Giuseppa Minutolo & Clara Mazza & Claudia Cosma & Veronica Gallinoro & Alessandro Cata, 2023. "Depressive Symptoms of Public Health Medical Residents during the COVID-19 Pandemic, a Nation-Wide Survey: The PHRASI Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(9), pages 1-18, April.
    9. Reparata Rosa Di Prinzio & Giorgia Bondanini & Federica De Falco & Maria Rosaria Vinci & Vincenzo Camisa & Annapaola Santoro & Marcello De Santis & Massimiliano Raponi & Guendalina Dalmasso & Salvator, 2022. "The Management of Workplace Violence against Healthcare Workers: A Multidisciplinary Team for Total Worker Health ® Approach in a Hospital," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-10, December.
    10. Lorna Stabler & Maura MacPhee & Benjamin Collins & Simon Carroll & Karen Davison & Vidhi Thakkar & Esme Fuller-Thomson & Shen (Lamson) Lin & Brandon Hey, 2021. "A Rapid Realist Review of Effective Mental Health Interventions for Individuals with Chronic Physical Health Conditions during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using a Systems-Level Mental Health Promotion Frame," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-15, November.
    11. Jonathan Severin & Lisa Björk & Linda Corin & Ingibjörg H. Jonsdottir & Magnus Akerstrom, 2021. "Process Evaluation of an Operational-Level Job Stress Intervention Aimed at Decreasing Sickness Absence among Public Sector Employees in Sweden," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-18, February.
    12. Holly Blake & Benjamin Vaughan & Craig Bartle & Jo Yarker & Fehmidah Munir & Steven Marwaha & Guy Daly & Sean Russell & Caroline Meyer & Juliet Hassard & Louise Thomson, 2022. "Managing Minds at Work: Development of a Digital Line Manager Training Program," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-19, June.
    13. Maddalena Grazzini & Lucrezia Ginevra Lulli & Nicola Mucci & Diana Paolini & Antonio Baldassarre & Veronica Gallinoro & Annarita Chiarelli & Fabrizio Niccolini & Giulio Arcangeli, 2022. "Return to Work of Healthcare Workers after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Determinants of Physical and Mental Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-13, June.

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