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Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment due to Fluoride Exposure from Tea Consumption in Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation

Author

Listed:
  • Mohammad Amin Karami

    (Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran)

  • Yadollah Fakhri

    (Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran)

  • Shahabaldin Rezania

    (Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea)

  • Abdol Azim Alinejad

    (Department of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran)

  • Ali Akbar Mohammadi

    (Department of Environmental Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran)

  • Mahmood Yousefi

    (Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran)

  • Mansour Ghaderpoori

    (Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
    Nutrition Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran)

  • Mohammad Hossien Saghi

    (Environmental Health Engineering, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran)

  • Mohammad Ahmadpour

    (Health Education and Promotion, Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran)

Abstract

Excessive intake of fluoride can cause adverse health effects. Consumption of tea as a popular drink could be a potential source of fluoride exposure to humans. This research aimed to evaluate the fluoride concentration in tea among the Iranian people using the available data in the literature and to assess the health risk related to the consumption of tea in men, women, and children. The health risk assessment was conducted using the chronic daily intake and hazard quotient according to the approach suggested by the Environmental Protection Agency. The fluoride content in published studies varied noticeably, ranging from 0.13 to 3.27 mg/L. The results revealed that the hazard quotient (HQ) in age groups of women (21–72 years) and children (0–11 years) was within the safe zone (HQ < 1) which showed that there was no potential of non-carcinogenic risk associated with drinking tea in these groups. However, in one case of the men (21–72 years), the HQ > 1 which shows a probable risk of fluorosis. The order of non-carcinogenic health risks in the studied groups was in the order of men > women > children. The results of this can be useful for organizations with the responsibility of human health promotion.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad Amin Karami & Yadollah Fakhri & Shahabaldin Rezania & Abdol Azim Alinejad & Ali Akbar Mohammadi & Mahmood Yousefi & Mansour Ghaderpoori & Mohammad Hossien Saghi & Mohammad Ahmadpour, 2019. "Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment due to Fluoride Exposure from Tea Consumption in Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-10, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:21:p:4261-:d:282917
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Declan T. Waugh & William Potter & Hardy Limeback & Michael Godfrey, 2016. "Risk Assessment of Fluoride Intake from Tea in the Republic of Ireland and its Implications for Public Health and Water Fluoridation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-22, February.
    2. Kaveh Madani, 2014. "Water management in Iran: what is causing the looming crisis?," Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Springer;Association of Environmental Studies and Sciences, vol. 4(4), pages 315-328, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Huanhuan Shi & Min Zeng & Hongxia Peng & Changsheng Huang & Huimin Sun & Qingqin Hou & Pengcheng Pi, 2022. "Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater of Hainan Island Using the Monte Carlo Simulation Coupled with the APCS/MLR Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-18, June.
    2. Huaming Du & Xinwei Lu, 2022. "Contamination and Probabilistic Ecological–Health Risk of Heavy Metal(loid)s in Urban Topsoil of Mianyang, SW China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-17, November.
    3. Franklin Obiri-Nyarko & Stephen Junior Asugre & Sandra Vincentia Asare & Anthony Appiah Duah & Anthony Yaw Karikari & Jolanta Kwiatkowska-Malina & Grzegorz Malina, 2022. "Hydrogeochemical Studies to Assess the Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes: The Upper East Region of Ghana Case Study," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-22, November.

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