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Hydrogeochemical Studies to Assess the Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes: The Upper East Region of Ghana Case Study

Author

Listed:
  • Franklin Obiri-Nyarko

    (Groundwater and Geosciences Division, CSIR Water Research Institute, Accra P.O. Box M 32, Ghana)

  • Stephen Junior Asugre

    (Surface Water Division, CSIR Water Research Institute, Accra P.O. Box M 32, Ghana)

  • Sandra Vincentia Asare

    (Groundwater and Geosciences Division, CSIR Water Research Institute, Accra P.O. Box M 32, Ghana)

  • Anthony Appiah Duah

    (Groundwater and Geosciences Division, CSIR Water Research Institute, Accra P.O. Box M 32, Ghana)

  • Anthony Yaw Karikari

    (Environmental Chemistry and Sanitation Engineering Division, CSIR Water Research Institute, Accra P.O. Box M 32, Ghana)

  • Jolanta Kwiatkowska-Malina

    (Department of Spatial Planning and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Grzegorz Malina

    (Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering, Geology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

Abstract

Groundwater is increasingly being used to help meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 and 6 in many parts of the world, including Ghana. Against this background, hydrogeochemical and multivariate statistical studies were conducted to determine the physicochemical characteristics and suitability of groundwater in some agrarian communities in the Upper East Region of Ghana for drinking and irrigational farming. Additional analyses were also performed to identify potential health risks associated with the groundwater use and to better understand the hydrogeochemical processes controlling groundwater evolution for its effective management. The results showed that the groundwater is typically fresh; moderate to very hard in character; undersaturated with calcite, dolomite, halite, and gypsum; and supersaturated with quartz and amorphous silica. The physicochemical characteristics of the groundwater are controlled by both anthropogenic and natural activities/processes, such as fertilizer application, irrigation return flows, rock weathering, and forward/reverse cation exchange. The total dissolved solids (TDS) (165–524 mg/L), electrical conductivity (EC) (275–873 μS/cm), sodium percentage (Na%; 9.05–17.74%), magnesium ratios (MR) (29.25–53.3%), permeability index (PI) (36.6–74.6%), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) (0.20–0.51) point to the possibility of using the groundwater for irrigation, however, with some salinity control. The water quality and health risk analysis also revealed that the groundwater can be used for drinking; however, the high concentrations of fluoride, which can cause noncarcinogenic health issues such as dental and skeletal fluorosis in both adults and children, must be reduced to the WHO required level of 1.5 mg/L.

Suggested Citation

  • Franklin Obiri-Nyarko & Stephen Junior Asugre & Sandra Vincentia Asare & Anthony Appiah Duah & Anthony Yaw Karikari & Jolanta Kwiatkowska-Malina & Grzegorz Malina, 2022. "Hydrogeochemical Studies to Assess the Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes: The Upper East Region of Ghana Case Study," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-22, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:12:y:2022:i:12:p:1973-:d:980367
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    2. Amjath-Babu, T.S. & Krupnik, Timothy J. & Kaechele, Harald & Aravindakshan, Sreejith & Sietz, Diana, 2016. "Transitioning to groundwater irrigated intensified agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa: An indicator based assessment," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 125-135.
    3. John Asafu-Adjaye, 2014. "The Economic Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture in Africa," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 23(suppl_2), pages 17-49.
    4. Pavelic, Paul & Giordano, Mark & Keraita, Bernard & Ramesh, Vidya & Rao, T., 2012. "Groundwater availability and use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of 15 countries," IWMI Books, Reports H046186, International Water Management Institute.
    5. Mohammad Amin Karami & Yadollah Fakhri & Shahabaldin Rezania & Abdol Azim Alinejad & Ali Akbar Mohammadi & Mahmood Yousefi & Mansour Ghaderpoori & Mohammad Hossien Saghi & Mohammad Ahmadpour, 2019. "Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment due to Fluoride Exposure from Tea Consumption in Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-10, November.
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