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The Life-Cycle Costs of School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Access in Kenyan Primary Schools

Author

Listed:
  • Kelly T. Alexander

    (CARE USA, 151 Ellis St. NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
    Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

  • Alex Mwaki

    (CARE Kenya, Mucai Road P.O. Box 43864-GPO, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
    Current email address: alex.mwaki@gmail.com .)

  • Dorothy Adhiambo

    (CARE Kenya, Mucai Road P.O. Box 43864-GPO, Nairobi 00100, Kenya)

  • Malaika Cheney-Coker

    (CARE USA, 151 Ellis St. NE, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA)

  • Richard Muga

    (Department of Health Sciences, Great Lakes University of Kisumu, P.O. Box 2224, Kisumu 40100, Kenya)

  • Matthew C. Freeman

    (Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA)

Abstract

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programs in schools can increase the health, dignity and comfort of students and teachers. Understanding the costs of WASH facilities and services in schools is one essential piece for policy makers to utilize when budgeting for schools and helping to make WASH programs more sustainable. In this study we collected data from NGO and government offices, local hardware shops and 89 rural primary schools across three Kenyan counties. Current expenditures on WASH, from school and external (NGO, government, parent) sources, averaged 1.83 USD per student per year. After reviewing current expenditures, estimated costs of operations and maintenance for bringing schools up to basic WASH standards, were calculated to be 3.03 USD per student per year. This includes recurrent costs, but not the cost of installing or setting up WASH infrastructure, which was 18,916 USD per school, for a school of 400 students (4.92 USD per student, per year). These findings demonstrate the need for increases in allocations to schools in Kenya, and stricter guidance on how money should be spent on WASH inputs to enable all schools to provide basic WASH for all students.

Suggested Citation

  • Kelly T. Alexander & Alex Mwaki & Dorothy Adhiambo & Malaika Cheney-Coker & Richard Muga & Matthew C. Freeman, 2016. "The Life-Cycle Costs of School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Access in Kenyan Primary Schools," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-12, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:7:p:637-:d:72846
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Eric Korpi & Timo Ala-Risku, 2008. "Life cycle costing: a review of published case studies," Managerial Auditing Journal, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 23(3), pages 240-261, March.
    2. Sommer, M. & Sahin, M., 2013. "Advancing the global agenda for menstrual hygiene management for schoolgirls," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(9), pages 1556-1559.
    3. Aiello, A.E. & Coulborn, R.M. & Perez, V. & Larson, E.L., 2008. "Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: A meta-analysis," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 98(8), pages 1372-1381.
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    Cited by:

    1. Darcy M. Anderson & Ryan Cronk & Lucy Best & Mark Radin & Hayley Schram & J. Wren Tracy & Jamie Bartram, 2020. "Budgeting for Environmental Health Services in Healthcare Facilities: A Ten-Step Model for Planning and Costing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-22, March.
    2. Jedidiah S. Snyder & Graeme Prentice-Mott & Charles Boera & Alex Mwaki & Kelly T. Alexander & Matthew C. Freeman, 2020. "The Sustainability and Scalability of Private Sector Sanitation Delivery in Urban Informal Settlement Schools: A Mixed Methods Follow Up of a Randomized Trial in Nairobi, Kenya," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-17, July.
    3. Shannon M. McGinnis & Thomas McKeon & Richa Desai & Akudo Ejelonu & Stanley Laskowski & Heather M. Murphy, 2017. "A Systematic Review: Costing and Financing of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-28, April.
    4. Kate Bohnert & Anna N. Chard & Alex Mwaki & Amy E. Kirby & Richard Muga & Corey L. Nagel & Evan A. Thomas & Matthew C. Freeman, 2016. "Comparing Sanitation Delivery Modalities in Urban Informal Settlement Schools: A Randomized Trial in Nairobi, Kenya," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-14, November.
    5. Akina Shrestha & Subodh Sharma & Jana Gerold & Séverine Erismann & Sanjay Sagar & Rajendra Koju & Christian Schindler & Peter Odermatt & Jürg Utzinger & Guéladio Cissé, 2017. "Water Quality, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions in Schools and Households in Dolakha and Ramechhap Districts, Nepal: Results from A Cross-Sectional Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-21, January.

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