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Water Quality, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions in Schools and Households in Dolakha and Ramechhap Districts, Nepal: Results from A Cross-Sectional Survey

Author

Listed:
  • Akina Shrestha

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
    University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
    School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, P.O. Box 11008, Dhulikhel, Nepal)

  • Subodh Sharma

    (Aquatic Ecology Centre, School of Science, Kathmandu University, P.O. Box 6250, Dhulikhel, Nepal)

  • Jana Gerold

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
    University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Séverine Erismann

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
    University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Sanjay Sagar

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
    University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Rajendra Koju

    (School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, P.O. Box 11008, Dhulikhel, Nepal)

  • Christian Schindler

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
    University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Peter Odermatt

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
    University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Jürg Utzinger

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
    University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Guéladio Cissé

    (Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
    University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland)

Abstract

This study assessed drinking water quality, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions among 708 schoolchildren and 562 households in Dolakha and Ramechhap districts of Nepal. Cross-sectional surveys were carried out in March and June 2015. A Delagua water quality testing kit was employed on 634 water samples obtained from 16 purposively selected schools, 40 community water sources, and 562 households to examine water quality. A flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to test lead and arsenic content of the same samples. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain WASH predictors. A total of 75% of school drinking water source samples and 76.9% point-of-use samples (water bottles) at schools, 39.5% water source samples in the community, and 27.4% point-of-use samples at household levels were contaminated with thermo-tolerant coliforms. The values of water samples for pH (6.8–7.6), free and total residual chlorine (0.1–0.5 mg/L), mean lead concentration (0.01 mg/L), and mean arsenic concentration (0.05 mg/L) were within national drinking water quality standards. The presence of domestic animals roaming inside schoolchildren’s homes was significantly associated with drinking water contamination (adjusted odds ratio: 1.64; 95% confidence interval: 1.08–2.50; p = 0.02). Our findings call for an improvement of WASH conditions at the unit of school, households, and communities.

Suggested Citation

  • Akina Shrestha & Subodh Sharma & Jana Gerold & Séverine Erismann & Sanjay Sagar & Rajendra Koju & Christian Schindler & Peter Odermatt & Jürg Utzinger & Guéladio Cissé, 2017. "Water Quality, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions in Schools and Households in Dolakha and Ramechhap Districts, Nepal: Results from A Cross-Sectional Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-21, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:1:p:89-:d:88107
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dorian Tosi Robinson & Ariane Schertenleib & Bal Mukunda Kunwar & Rubika Shrestha & Madan Bhatta & Sara J. Marks, 2018. "Assessing the Impact of a Risk-Based Intervention on Piped Water Quality in Rural Communities: The Case of Mid-Western Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-23, July.

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