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Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Schools in Low Socio-Economic Regions in Nicaragua: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Author

Listed:
  • Tania Jordanova

    (Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA)

  • Ryan Cronk

    (Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA)

  • Wanda Obando

    (The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Managua 10000, Nicaragua)

  • Octavio Zeledon Medina

    (Independent Consultant, Managua 10000, Nicaragua)

  • Rinko Kinoshita

    (The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Managua 10000, Nicaragua)

  • Jamie Bartram

    (Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Water Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA)

Abstract

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in schools contributes to better health and educational outcomes among school-aged children. In 2012, UNICEF Nicaragua and partners conducted a cross-sectional survey of WaSH in 526 schools in 12 low socio-economic status municipalities in Nicaragua. The survey gathered information on: school characteristics; teacher and community participation; water and sanitation infrastructure; and hygiene education and habits. Survey results were analyzed for associations between variables. WaSH coverage was significantly higher in urban than rural areas. Presence of drinking water infrastructure (43%) was lower than sanitation infrastructure (64%). Eighty-one percent of schools had no hand washing stations and 74% of schools lacked soap. Sanitation facilities were not in use at 28% of schools with sanitation infrastructure and 26% of schools with water infrastructure had non-functional systems. Only 8% of schools had budgets to purchase toilet-cleaning supplies and 75% obtained supplies from students’ families. This study generates transferable WaSH sector learnings and new insights from monitoring data. Results can be used by donors, service providers, and policy makers to better target resources in Nicaraguan schools.

Suggested Citation

  • Tania Jordanova & Ryan Cronk & Wanda Obando & Octavio Zeledon Medina & Rinko Kinoshita & Jamie Bartram, 2015. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Schools in Low Socio-Economic Regions in Nicaragua: A Cross-Sectional Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-21, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:12:y:2015:i:6:p:6197-6217:d:50367
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Christian Jasper & Thanh-Tam Le & Jamie Bartram, 2012. "Water and Sanitation in Schools: A Systematic Review of the Health and Educational Outcomes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-16, August.
    2. Onyango-Ouma, W. & Aagaard-Hansen, J. & Jensen, B.B., 2005. "The potential of schoolchildren as health change agents in rural western Kenya," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 61(8), pages 1711-1722, October.
    3. Robert Bain & Ryan Cronk & Jim Wright & Hong Yang & Tom Slaymaker & Jamie Bartram, 2014. "Fecal Contamination of Drinking-Water in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(5), pages 1-23, May.
    4. Oliver Cumming & Mark Elliott & Alycia Overbo & Jamie Bartram, 2014. "Does Global Progress on Sanitation Really Lag behind Water? An Analysis of Global Progress on Community- and Household-Level Access to Safe Water and Sanitation," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(12), pages 1-16, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Abdullah Shinwari & Alain Véron & Mohammad Haris Abdianwall & Elisabeth Jouve & Remi Laporte, 2022. "Tap Water Consumption Is Associated with Schoolchildren’s Cognitive Deficits in Afghanistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-12, July.
    2. Stefanie Schwemlein & Ryan Cronk & Jamie Bartram, 2016. "Indicators for Monitoring Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: A Systematic Review of Indicator Selection Methods," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-15, March.
    3. Akina Shrestha & Subodh Sharma & Jana Gerold & Séverine Erismann & Sanjay Sagar & Rajendra Koju & Christian Schindler & Peter Odermatt & Jürg Utzinger & Guéladio Cissé, 2017. "Water Quality, Sanitation, and Hygiene Conditions in Schools and Households in Dolakha and Ramechhap Districts, Nepal: Results from A Cross-Sectional Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-21, January.

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