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Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) poverty in India: A district‐level geospatial assessment

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  • Pritam Ghosh
  • Moslem Hossain
  • Asraful Alam

Abstract

The assessment of drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) poverty among Indian districts is essential to accomplish the UN‐Sustainable Development Goal 06, ‘Availability and Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for all’, by 2030. The present study aimed to construct district‐level WASH poverty indices combining various indicators of drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in two ways: ignoring and considering the geographical inequality. The study also focused on outlining the spatial dependence and heterogeneity of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene poverty, and overall level of WASH poverty among Indian districts using Moran’s I statistics. The results showed moderate to very high spatial dependence of every dimension of WASH poverty among Indian districts. The study also identified clusters of districts situated over central and eastern Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh, stricken with a higher level of WASH poverty. Alternatively, clusters of districts situated along the western coastal area, Capital City Delhi, and its neighboring states were identified with a relatively lower level of WASH poverty. The study suggests more government initiatives and investments for improving WASH conditions in central and eastern Indian districts to fulfill SDG 06 and reduce spatial inequality within the country (SDG 10). La evaluación de la pobreza con relación al agua potable, saneamiento e higiene (WASH, por sus siglas en inglés) en los distritos de la India es esencial para cumplir el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible número 6 de las Naciones Unidas, la ‘Disponibilidad de agua y su gestión sostenible y el saneamiento para todos’, para 2030. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo construir índices de pobreza a nivel de distrito con relación a WASH mediante la combinación de varios indicadores de agua potable, saneamiento e higiene de dos maneras: ignorando y considerando la desigualdad geográfica. El estudio también se preocupó de describir la dependencia espacial y la heterogeneidad del agua potable, el saneamiento, la pobreza higiénica y el nivel general de pobreza en cuanto a WASH en los distritos de la India utilizando el estadístico I de Moran. Los resultados mostraron una dependencia espacial entre moderada y muy alta para cada dimensión de la pobreza en cuanto a WASH entre los distritos indios. El estudio también identificó grupos de distritos situados en los estados indios centrales y orientales de Bengala Occidental, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh y Madhya Pradesh, afectados por un mayor nivel de pobreza de WASH. Por otra parte, se identificaron grupos de distritos con un nivel relativamente menor de pobreza en cuanto a WASH situados a lo largo de la zona costera occidental, en la capital, Delhi, y en sus estados vecinos. El estudio sugiere más iniciativas e inversiones gubernamentales para mejorar las condiciones de WASH en los distritos del centro y el este de la India para cumplir el ODS número 6 y reducir la desigualdad espacial dentro del país (ODS número 10). 国連の持続可能な開発目標(Sustainable Development Goal:SDG)6「すべての人々の水と衛生の利用可能性と持続可能な管 理を確保する」を2030年までに達成するには、インドの県におけるWASH(drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene:水とトイレと衛生習慣)の困窮度の評価が不可欠である。本稿では、地理的不平等を無視する、または考慮するという二つの方法で、飲料水・トイレ・衛生に関する様々な指標を組み合わせた地区レベルのWASH困窮度指標を構築する。また、モランのI統計を用いて、インドの県における飲料水、トイレ、衛生上の困窮度、及び全体的なWASH困窮度のレベルの空間依存性と不均一性について概観する。結果から、インドの県におけるWASH困窮度のあらゆる側面の空間依存性が、中程度~非常に高度であることが示された。また、西ベンガル州、ビハール州、オディシャ州、ジャールカンド州、チャッティースガル州、ウッタル・プラデーシュ州、マディヤ・プラデーシュ州の中部および東部に位置する県において、WASH困窮度の高いクラスターも特定された。一方で、西部沿岸地域、首都デリーとその近隣州に位置する県のクラスターは、相対的にWASH困窮度のレベルが低いことが確認された。本研究から、SDG 6を達成し、国内の空間的不平等を減少させる(SDG 10)ためには、中央および東インドの県におけるWASHの状態を改善するために、より多くの政府のイニシアチブと投資が必要であることが示唆される。

Suggested Citation

  • Pritam Ghosh & Moslem Hossain & Asraful Alam, 2022. "Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) poverty in India: A district‐level geospatial assessment," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(2), pages 396-416, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:14:y:2022:i:2:p:396-416
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12468
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    References listed on IDEAS

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