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Climate Change is Likely to Worsen the Public Health Threat of Diarrheal Disease in Botswana

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  • Kathleen A. Alexander

    (Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, 100 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
    CARACAL, Plot 110, Kasane, Botswana)

  • Marcos Carzolio

    (Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, 405C Hutcheson Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA)

  • Douglas Goodin

    (Department of Geography, Kansas State University, 122 Seaton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA)

  • Eric Vance

    (Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, 405C Hutcheson Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA)

Abstract

Diarrheal disease is an important health challenge, accounting for the majority of childhood deaths globally. Climate change is expected to increase the global burden of diarrheal disease but little is known regarding climate drivers, particularly in Africa. Using health data from Botswana spanning a 30-year period (1974–2003), we evaluated monthly reports of diarrheal disease among patients presenting to Botswana health facilities and compared this to climatic variables. Diarrheal case incidence presents with a bimodal cyclical pattern with peaks in March (ANOVA p < 0.001) and October (ANOVA p < 0.001) in the wet and dry season, respectively. There is a strong positive autocorrelation ( p < 0.001) in the number of reported diarrhea cases at the one-month lag level. Climatic variables (rainfall, minimum temperature, and vapor pressure) predicted seasonal diarrheal with a one-month lag in variables ( p < 0.001). Diarrheal case incidence was highest in the dry season after accounting for other variables, exhibiting on average a 20% increase over the yearly mean ( p < 0.001). Our analysis suggests that forecasted climate change increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation may increase dry season diarrheal disease incidence with hot, dry conditions starting earlier and lasting longer. Diarrheal disease incidence in the wet season is likely to decline. Our results identify significant health-climate interactions, highlighting the need for an escalated public health focus on controlling diarrheal disease in Botswana. Study findings have application to other arid countries in Africa where diarrheal disease is a persistent public health problem.

Suggested Citation

  • Kathleen A. Alexander & Marcos Carzolio & Douglas Goodin & Eric Vance, 2013. "Climate Change is Likely to Worsen the Public Health Threat of Diarrheal Disease in Botswana," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-29, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:10:y:2013:i:4:p:1202-1230:d:24546
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Mwansa M. Songe & Bernard M. Hang’ombe & Theodore J. D. Knight-Jones & Delia Grace, 2016. "Antimicrobial Resistant Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Houseflies Infesting Fish in Food Markets in Zambia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.
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    5. Gentille Musengimana & Fidele K. Mukinda & Roderick Machekano & Hassan Mahomed, 2016. "Temperature Variability and Occurrence of Diarrhoea in Children under Five-Years-Old in Cape Town Metropolitan Sub-Districts," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-12, August.
    6. Mengya Yang & Can Chen & Xiaobao Zhang & Yuxia Du & Daixi Jiang & Danying Yan & Xiaoxiao Liu & Cheng Ding & Lei Lan & Hao Lei & Shigui Yang, 2022. "Meteorological Factors Affecting Infectious Diarrhea in Different Climate Zones of China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(18), pages 1-15, September.
    7. Sokhna Thiam & Aminata N. Diène & Ibrahima Sy & Mirko S. Winkler & Christian Schindler & Jacques A. Ndione & Ousmane Faye & Penelope Vounatsou & Jürg Utzinger & Guéladio Cissé, 2017. "Association between Childhood Diarrhoeal Incidence and Climatic Factors in Urban and Rural Settings in the Health District of Mbour, Senegal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-16, September.
    8. Lindsay M. Horn & Anjum Hajat & Lianne Sheppard & Colin Quinn & James Colborn & Maria Fernanda Zermoglio & Eduardo S. Gudo & Tatiana Marrufo & Kristie L. Ebi, 2018. "Association between Precipitation and Diarrheal Disease in Mozambique," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-10, April.

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