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Grid Frequency Fluctuation Compensation by Using Electrolysis: Literature Survey

Author

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  • Jacek Salaciński

    (Institute of Heat Engineering, Faculty of Power and Aeronautic Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 21/25 Nowowiejska Street, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Jarosław Milewski

    (Institute of Heat Engineering, Faculty of Power and Aeronautic Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 21/25 Nowowiejska Street, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Paweł Ryś

    (Institute of Heat Engineering, Faculty of Power and Aeronautic Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 21/25 Nowowiejska Street, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Jan Paczucha

    (Institute of Heat Engineering, Faculty of Power and Aeronautic Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 21/25 Nowowiejska Street, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland)

  • Mariusz Kłos

    (Electrical Power Engineering Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa Street, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland)

Abstract

This paper presents a novel literature survey on leveraging electrolysis for grid frequency stabilization in power systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs), uniquely integrating global research findings with specific insights into the Polish energy context—a region facing acute grid challenges due to rapid RES growth and infrastructure limitations. The intermittent nature of wind and solar power exacerbates frequency fluctuations, necessitating dynamic demand-side management solutions like hydrogen production via electrolysis. By synthesizing over 30 studies, the survey reveals key results: electrolysis systems, particularly PEM and alkaline electrolyzers, can reduce frequency deviations by up to 50% through fast frequency response (FFR) and primary reserve provision, as demonstrated in simulations and real-world pilots (e.g., in France and the Netherlands); however, economic viability requires enhanced compensation schemes, with current models showing unprofitability without subsidies. Technological advancements, such as transistor-based rectifiers, improve efficiency under partial loads, while integration with RES farms mitigates overproduction issues, as evidenced by Polish cases where 44 GWh of solar energy was curtailed in March 2024. The survey contributes actionable insights for policymakers and engineers, including recommendations for deploying electrolyzers to enhance grid resilience, support hydrogen-based transportation, and facilitate Poland’s target of 50.1% RESs by 2030, thereby advancing the green energy transition amid rising instability risks like blackouts in RES-heavy systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacek Salaciński & Jarosław Milewski & Paweł Ryś & Jan Paczucha & Mariusz Kłos, 2025. "Grid Frequency Fluctuation Compensation by Using Electrolysis: Literature Survey," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-17, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:16:p:4376-:d:1726214
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Md. Shafiul Alam & Tanzi Ahmed Chowdhury & Abhishak Dhar & Fahad Saleh Al-Ismail & M. S. H. Choudhury & Md Shafiullah & Md. Ismail Hossain & Md. Alamgir Hossain & Aasim Ullah & Syed Masiur Rahman, 2023. "Solar and Wind Energy Integrated System Frequency Control: A Critical Review on Recent Developments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-31, January.
    2. Speckmann, Friedrich-W. & Bintz, Steffen & Birke, Kai Peter, 2019. "Influence of rectifiers on the energy demand and gas quality of alkaline electrolysis systems in dynamic operation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C), pages 855-863.
    3. Dzido, Aleksandra & Krawczyk, Piotr & Wołowicz, Marcin & Badyda, Krzysztof, 2022. "Comparison of advanced air liquefaction systems in Liquid Air Energy Storage applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 727-739.
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