IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i13p3258-d1684466.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimized Demand Side Management for Refrigeration: Modeling and Case Study Insights from Kenya

Author

Listed:
  • Josephine Nakato Kakande

    (Chair of Electrical Energy Technology—Sustainable Energy Concepts (EET-NEK), Faculty of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematics, Paderborn University, Pohlweg 55, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda)

  • Godiana Hagile Philipo

    (Chair of Electrical Energy Technology—Sustainable Energy Concepts (EET-NEK), Faculty of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematics, Paderborn University, Pohlweg 55, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
    Department of Material, Energy, Water and Environmental Sciences, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania)

  • Stefan Krauter

    (Chair of Electrical Energy Technology—Sustainable Energy Concepts (EET-NEK), Faculty of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematics, Paderborn University, Pohlweg 55, 33098 Paderborn, Germany)

Abstract

According to the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), 20% of worldwide electricity consumption is for refrigeration, with domestic refrigeration appliances comprising a fifth of this demand. As the uptake of renewable energy sources for on-grid and isolated electricity supply increases, the need for mechanisms to match demand and supply better and increase power system flexibility has led to enhanced attention on demand-side management (DSM) practices to boost technology, infrastructure, and market efficiencies. Refrigeration requirements will continue to rise with development and climate change. In this work, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to evaluate energy saving and load factor improvement possibilities for refrigeration devices at a site in Kenya, using a combination of DSM load shifting and strategic conservation, and based on appliance temperature evolution measurements. Refrigeration energy savings of up to 18% are obtained, and the load factor is reduced. Modeling is done for a hybrid system with grid, solar PV, and battery, showing a marginal increase in solar energy supply to the load relative to the no DSM case, while the grid portion of the load supply reduces by almost 25% for DSM relative to No DSM.

Suggested Citation

  • Josephine Nakato Kakande & Godiana Hagile Philipo & Stefan Krauter, 2025. "Optimized Demand Side Management for Refrigeration: Modeling and Case Study Insights from Kenya," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-18, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:13:p:3258-:d:1684466
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3258/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3258/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Polamarasetty P Kumar & Vishnu Suresh & Michal Jasinski & Zbigniew Leonowicz, 2021. "Off-Grid Rural Electrification in India Using Renewable Energy Resources and Different Battery Technologies with a Dynamic Differential Annealed Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-21, September.
    2. Christoforos Menos-Aikateriniadis & Ilias Lamprinos & Pavlos S. Georgilakis, 2022. "Particle Swarm Optimization in Residential Demand-Side Management: A Review on Scheduling and Control Algorithms for Demand Response Provision," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-26, March.
    3. Mohammad Reza Zavvar Sabegh & Chris Bingham, 2019. "Model Predictive Control with Binary Quadratic Programming for the Scheduled Operation of Domestic Refrigerators," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-20, December.
    4. Banala Venkatesh & Padmini Sankaramurthy & Bharatiraja Chokkalingam & Lucian Mihet-Popa, 2022. "Managing the Demand in a Micro Grid Based on Load Shifting with Controllable Devices Using Hybrid WFS2ACSO Technique," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-25, January.
    5. Das, Choton K. & Bass, Octavian & Kothapalli, Ganesh & Mahmoud, Thair S. & Habibi, Daryoush, 2018. "Overview of energy storage systems in distribution networks: Placement, sizing, operation, and power quality," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 1205-1230.
    6. Grein, Arne & Pehnt, Martin, 2011. "Load management for refrigeration systems: Potentials and barriers," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(9), pages 5598-5608, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Virgilio Alfonso Murillo Rodríguez & Noé Villa Villaseñor & José Manuel Robles Solís & Omar Alejandro Guirette Barbosa, 2023. "Impact of Automation on Enhancing Energy Quality in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-25, August.
    2. Peerzada, Aaqib & Hanif, Sarmad & Tarekegne, Bethel & Baldwin, Diane & Bhattacharya, Saptarshi, 2024. "On the impact of tidal generation and energy storage integration in PV-rich electric distribution systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 357(C).
    3. Mousavi, Navid & Kothapalli, Ganesh & Habibi, Daryoush & Das, Choton K. & Baniasadi, Ali, 2020. "A novel photovoltaic-pumped hydro storage microgrid applicable to rural areas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    4. Li, Haoran & Zhang, Chenghui & Sun, Bo, 2021. "Optimal design for component capacity of integrated energy system based on the active dispatch mode of multiple energy storages," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    5. Wilkinson, Sam & Maticka, Martin J. & Liu, Yue & John, Michele, 2021. "The duck curve in a drying pond: The impact of rooftop PV on the Western Australian electricity market transition," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    6. Ghosh, Sourav & Yadav, Sarita & Devi, Ambika & Thomas, Tiju, 2022. "Techno-economic understanding of Indian energy-storage market: A perspective on green materials-based supercapacitor technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    7. Gholami, M. & Barbaresi, A. & Torreggiani, D. & Tassinari, P., 2020. "Upscaling of spatial energy planning, phases, methods, and techniques: A systematic review through meta-analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    8. Yang, Yuyan & Xu, Xiao & Pan, Li & Liu, Junyong & Liu, Jichun & Hu, Weihao, 2024. "Distributed prosumer trading in the electricity and carbon markets considering user utility," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    9. Levitin, Gregory & Xing, Liudong & Dai, Yuanshun, 2022. "Optimal sequencing of elements activation in 1-out-of-n warm standby system with storage," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    10. Zhou, Hou Sheng & Passey, Rob & Bruce, Anna & Sproul, Alistair B., 2021. "A case study on the behaviour of residential battery energy storage systems during network demand peaks," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 712-724.
    11. Zeng, Huibin & Shao, Bilin & Dai, Hongbin & Yan, Yichuan & Tian, Ning, 2023. "Natural gas demand response strategy considering user satisfaction and load volatility under dynamic pricing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    12. Oh, Eunsung & Son, Sung-Yong, 2020. "Theoretical energy storage system sizing method and performance analysis for wind power forecast uncertainty management," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 1060-1069.
    13. Hui Wang & Jun Wang & Zailin Piao & Xiaofang Meng & Chao Sun & Gang Yuan & Sitong Zhu, 2020. "The Optimal Allocation and Operation of an Energy Storage System with High Penetration Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-22, July.
    14. Xueping Li & Gerald Jones, 2022. "Optimal Sizing, Location, and Assignment of Photovoltaic Distributed Generators with an Energy Storage System for Islanded Microgrids," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-22, September.
    15. Michael Schoepf & Martin Weibelzahl & Lisa Nowka, 2018. "The Impact of Substituting Production Technologies on the Economic Demand Response Potential in Industrial Processes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-13, August.
    16. Yan Wang & Congxianzi Pei & Qiushuo Li & Jingbang Li & Deng Pan & Ciwei Gao, 2020. "Flow Shop Providing Frequency Regulation Service in Electricity Market," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-15, April.
    17. Mohamed Mohamed Khaleel & Mohd Rafi Adzman & Samila Mat Zali, 2021. "An Integrated of Hydrogen Fuel Cell to Distribution Network System: Challenging and Opportunity for D-STATCOM," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-26, October.
    18. Fu, Yuning & Chong, Chin Hao & Arras, Maximilian & Ma, Linwei & Li, Zheng, 2025. "A holistic picture of China's distributed energy systems: Tracing energy use from energy sources, infrastructure to final demand," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    19. Ahmed Alzahrani & Hussain Alharthi & Muhammad Khalid, 2019. "Minimization of Power Losses through Optimal Battery Placement in a Distributed Network with High Penetration of Photovoltaics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-16, December.
    20. Reveles-Miranda, María & Ramirez-Rivera, Victor & Pacheco-Catalán, Daniella, 2024. "Hybrid energy storage: Features, applications, and ancillary benefits," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:13:p:3258-:d:1684466. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.