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Optimization of the Electrochemical Discharge of Spent Li-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles for Direct Recycling

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  • Hyunseok Lee

    (EV, ESS Battery Reuse & Refabrication Center, Korea Battery Industry Association, 391-1 Dongsu-dong, Naju-si 58277, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
    Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea)

  • Yu-Tack Kim

    (EV, ESS Battery Reuse & Refabrication Center, Korea Battery Industry Association, 391-1 Dongsu-dong, Naju-si 58277, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea)

  • Seung-Woo Lee

    (Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
    Center for Biofunctional Materials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Numerous studies have been conducted on spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycled from electric vehicles. Research on pre-processing techniques to safely disassemble spent LIB packs has mainly focused on water-based discharge methods, such as salt-water discharge. However, salt-water discharge corrodes the electrodes and case, causing internal contamination. Therefore, we propose an electrical discharge process that is suitable for the direct recycling and safe disassembly of spent Li-ion batteries. Spent LIBs from electric vehicles (EV) that were scrapped after EV operation were recovered and electrochemically discharged to voltages of 0, 1, 2, and 2.5 V. These discharged spent LIBs were analyzed through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The spent LIB with a state-of-health (SoH) of 66.8% exhibited significantly increased swelling and bulging when over-discharged. Notably, the discharging of the spent battery to 0 V increased the thickness of the cell by 115%, which could result in a fire and/or explosion. After being discharged to 0 V, the voltage was able to recover to 2.689 V. The appropriate voltage for the discharge process was estimated to be 2.5 V. The proposed electrical discharge process will be suitable for the direct recycling of spent LIBs in the form of pouch cells.

Suggested Citation

  • Hyunseok Lee & Yu-Tack Kim & Seung-Woo Lee, 2023. "Optimization of the Electrochemical Discharge of Spent Li-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles for Direct Recycling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-12, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:6:p:2759-:d:1098614
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    1. Shen, Sheng & Sadoughi, Mohammadkazem & Li, Meng & Wang, Zhengdao & Hu, Chao, 2020. "Deep convolutional neural networks with ensemble learning and transfer learning for capacity estimation of lithium-ion batteries," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
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