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Recent Advances in Fuel Additives and Their Spray Characteristics for Diesel-Based Blends

Author

Listed:
  • Muteeb Ul Haq

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan)

  • Ali Turab Jafry

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan)

  • Saad Ahmad

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan)

  • Taqi Ahmad Cheema

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi 23640, Pakistan)

  • Munib Qasim Ansari

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan)

  • Naseem Abbas

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea)

Abstract

The spray characteristics play a crucial role in determining the performance and emissions of compression ignition (CI) engines at the pre-combustion stage. With the advent of many types of alternative fuels and their blends with diesel, it is necessary to investigate the effect of fuel properties and various injection conditions to determine the penetration length, spray cone angle and spray area for a viable fuel with similar or better dispersion characteristics to diesel. Hence, this study reviews and summarizes the spray visualization techniques, along with in depth analysis of macroscopic spray properties of various fuel blends with diesel. It was found that higher injection pressures typically led to higher penetration lengths, better atomization with reduced Sauter mean diameter. Liquid properties such as viscosity, surface tension, and evaporation as well as structural properties play a crucial role in spray formation in fuel blends with various types of alcohols, ethers, biodiesel, aliphatic, aromatic, as well as nanoparticle additives. This review compares these fuel additives and their types to present a comparative study with diesel to determine the ideal conditions with minimal changes to the engine for replacing diesel with a sustainable fuel consisting of better combustion efficiency due to its enhanced spray characteristics.

Suggested Citation

  • Muteeb Ul Haq & Ali Turab Jafry & Saad Ahmad & Taqi Ahmad Cheema & Munib Qasim Ansari & Naseem Abbas, 2022. "Recent Advances in Fuel Additives and Their Spray Characteristics for Diesel-Based Blends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-30, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:19:p:7281-:d:933069
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Sergio Nogales-Delgado & Agustina Guiberteau Cabanillas & Juan Pedro Moro & José María Encinar Martín, 2023. "Use of Propyl Gallate in Cardoon Biodiesel to Keep Its Main Properties during Oxidation," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-15, May.

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