IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i5p1303-d506991.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Design Space Optimization of a Three-Phase LCL Filter for Electric Vehicle Ultra-Fast Battery Charging

Author

Listed:
  • Davide Cittanti

    (Energy Department “Galileo Ferraris”, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy)

  • Fabio Mandrile

    (Energy Department “Galileo Ferraris”, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy)

  • Matteo Gregorio

    (Energy Department “Galileo Ferraris”, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy)

  • Radu Bojoi

    (Energy Department “Galileo Ferraris”, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy)

Abstract

State-of-the-art ultra-fast battery chargers for electric vehicles simultaneously require high efficiency and high power density, leading to a challenging power converter design. In particular, the grid-side filter, which ensures sinusoidal current absorption with low pulse-width modulation (PWM) harmonic content, can be a major contributor to the overall converter size and losses. Therefore, this paper proposes a complete analysis, design and optimization procedure of a three-phase LCL filter for a modular DC fast charger. First, an overview of the basic LCL filter modeling is provided and the most significant system transfer functions are identified. Then, the optimal ratio between grid-side and converter-side inductance is discussed, aiming for the maximum filtering performance. A novel design methodology, based on a graphical representation of the filter design space, is thus proposed. Specifically, several constraints on the LCL filtering elements are enforced, such that all feasible design parameter combinations are identified. Therefore, since in low-voltage high-power applications the inductive components typically dominate the overall filter volume, loss and cost, the viable LCL filter design that minimizes the total required inductance is selected. The proposed design procedure is applied to a 30 kW, 20 kHz 3-level unidirectional rectifier, employed in a modular DC fast charger. The performance of the selected optimal design, featuring equal grid-side and converter-side 175 μ μ H inductors and 15 μ μ F capacitors, is verified experimentally on an active front-end prototype, both in terms of harmonic attenuation capability and current control dynamics. A current total harmonic distortion (THD) of 1.2% is achieved at full load and all generated current harmonics comply with the applicable harmonic standard. Moreover, separate tests are performed with different values of grid inner impedance, verifying the converter control stability in various operating conditions and supporting the general validity of the proposed design methodology.

Suggested Citation

  • Davide Cittanti & Fabio Mandrile & Matteo Gregorio & Radu Bojoi, 2021. "Design Space Optimization of a Three-Phase LCL Filter for Electric Vehicle Ultra-Fast Battery Charging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-26, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:5:p:1303-:d:506991
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/5/1303/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/5/1303/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Manzetti, Sergio & Mariasiu, Florin, 2015. "Electric vehicle battery technologies: From present state to future systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1004-1012.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Gianfranco Chicco & Andrea Mazza & Salvatore Musumeci & Enrico Pons & Angela Russo, 2022. "Editorial for the Special Issue “Verifying the Targets—Selected Papers from the 55th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2020)”," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-8, August.
    2. Juliano C. L. da Silva & Thales Ramos & Manoel F. Medeiros Júnior, 2021. "Modeling and Harmonic Impact Mitigation of Grid-Connected SCIG Driven by an Electromagnetic Frequency Regulator," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-21, July.
    3. Davide Cittanti & Matteo Gregorio & Eugenio Bossotto & Fabio Mandrile & Radu Bojoi, 2021. "Three-Level Unidirectional Rectifiers under Non-Unity Power Factor Operation and Unbalanced Split DC-Link Loading: Analytical and Experimental Assessment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-33, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Mousavi, Navid & Kothapalli, Ganesh & Habibi, Daryoush & Das, Choton K. & Baniasadi, Ali, 2020. "A novel photovoltaic-pumped hydro storage microgrid applicable to rural areas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    2. Hossam M. Hussein & Ahmed Aghmadi & Mahmoud S. Abdelrahman & S M Sajjad Hossain Rafin & Osama Mohammed, 2024. "A review of battery state of charge estimation and management systems: Models and future prospective," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(1), January.
    3. Ren, Lei & Zhou, Sheng & Peng, Tianduo & Ou, Xunmin, 2022. "Greenhouse gas life cycle analysis of China's fuel cell medium- and heavy-duty trucks under segmented usage scenarios and vehicle types," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    4. Gharehghani, Ayat & Rabiei, Moeed & Mehranfar, Sadegh & Saeedipour, Soheil & Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin & García, Antonio & Reche, Carlos Mico, 2024. "Progress in battery thermal management systems technologies for electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    5. Xiaohong Jiang & Xiucheng Guo, 2020. "Evaluation of Performance and Technological Characteristics of Battery Electric Logistics Vehicles: China as a Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-23, May.
    6. Hannan, M.A. & Lipu, M.S.H. & Hussain, A. & Mohamed, A., 2017. "A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 834-854.
    7. Muhammad Umair Ali & Amad Zafar & Sarvar Hussain Nengroo & Sadam Hussain & Muhammad Junaid Alvi & Hee-Je Kim, 2019. "Towards a Smarter Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-33, January.
    8. Qian, Xiaodong & Gkritza, Konstantina, 2024. "Spatial and temporal variance in public perception of electric vehicles: A comparative analysis of adoption pioneers and laggards using twitter data," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 150-162.
    9. Reda Cherif & Fuad Hasanov & Aditya Pande, 2021. "Riding the Energy Transition: Oil beyond 2040," Asian Economic Policy Review, Japan Center for Economic Research, vol. 16(1), pages 117-137, January.
    10. Zhao, Ruixi & Pandyaswargo, Andante Hadi & Onoda, Hiroshi, 2024. "A bottom-up approach for greenhouse gas emission estimation at the community level: A case study in Japan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    11. Wen, Jianping & Zhao, Dan & Zhang, Chuanwei, 2020. "An overview of electricity powered vehicles: Lithium-ion battery energy storage density and energy conversion efficiency," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1629-1648.
    12. Mattetti, Michele & Annesi, Gianvito & Intrevado, Francesco Pio & Alberti, Luigi, 2025. "Investigating the efficiency of hybrid architectures for agricultural tractors using real-world farming data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PB).
    13. Santiago Hernán Suárez & Djafar Chabane & Abdoul N’Diaye & Youcef Ait-Amirat & Omar Elkedim & Abdesslem Djerdir, 2022. "Evaluation of the Performance Degradation of a Metal Hydride Tank in a Real Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-14, May.
    14. Du, Jiuyu & Li, Feiqiang & Li, Jianqiu & Wu, Xiaogang & Song, Ziyou & Zou, Yunfei & Ouyang, Minggao, 2019. "Evaluating the technological evolution of battery electric buses: China as a case," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 309-319.
    15. Zuo, Wei & Zhang, Yuntian & E, Jiaqiang & Li, Jing & Li, Qingqing & Zhang, Guangde, 2022. "Performance comparison between single S-channel and double S-channel cold plate for thermal management of a prismatic LiFePO4 battery," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 46-57.
    16. Idiano D’Adamo & Paolo Rosa, 2019. "A Structured Literature Review on Obsolete Electric Vehicles Management Practices," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(23), pages 1-17, December.
    17. Balali, Yasaman & Stegen, Sascha, 2021. "Review of energy storage systems for vehicles based on technology, environmental impacts, and costs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    18. Chen, Zeyu & Xiong, Rui & Tian, Jinpeng & Shang, Xiong & Lu, Jiahuan, 2016. "Model-based fault diagnosis approach on external short circuit of lithium-ion battery used in electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 365-374.
    19. Du, Jiuyu & Ouyang, Minggao & Chen, Jingfu, 2017. "Prospects for Chinese electric vehicle technologies in 2016–2020: Ambition and rationality," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 584-596.
    20. Turksoy, Arzu & Teke, Ahmet & Alkaya, Alkan, 2020. "A comprehensive overview of the dc-dc converter-based battery charge balancing methods in electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:5:p:1303-:d:506991. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.