IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i10p2841-d555004.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Fault-Tolerant Battery Power Network Architecture of Networked Swappable Battery Packs in Parallel

Author

Listed:
  • Chung-Jen Chou

    (Institute of Opto-Mechatronics Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan)

  • Shyh-Biau Jiang

    (Institute of Opto-Mechatronics Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan)

  • Tse-Liang Yeh

    (Institute of Opto-Mechatronics Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan
    Institute of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan)

  • Chein-Chung Sun

    (Material and Chemical Research Laboratories (MCL), Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), B77, 195, Sec. 4, Chung Hsing Rd. Chutung, Hsingchu City 31057, Taiwan)

Abstract

To improve the reliability and energy efficiency of battery swapping, we constructed a battery power network system with active redundancies and with multiple battery management controllers (one in each newly developed smart redundant battery pack). Each pack is getting ready to assume the role of the major to coordinate direct safe mounting of the packs onto the power bus for load sharing or charging without the need for a direct current to direct current converter. This fault-tolerant architecture provides multiple backups in both management control and power supply. To verify this design, the mounting, insertion, and removal of the battery packs were executed during charging and discharging. Battery packs can be swapped on and off safely at any time regardless of their charging states. Battery packs can be direct safe mounted onto the power bus by a threshold algorithm. With each mount on event, the equivalent output energy conversion efficiency ranges from 98.3% to 99.2% throughout the transient. Moreover, when the major battery pack fails or gets removed, other battery packs can indeed assume the role of major safely. The reliability, energy efficiency, and safety of our system were verified.

Suggested Citation

  • Chung-Jen Chou & Shyh-Biau Jiang & Tse-Liang Yeh & Chein-Chung Sun, 2021. "Fault-Tolerant Battery Power Network Architecture of Networked Swappable Battery Packs in Parallel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-21, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:10:p:2841-:d:555004
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/10/2841/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/10/2841/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wang, Yujie & Tian, Jiaqiang & Sun, Zhendong & Wang, Li & Xu, Ruilong & Li, Mince & Chen, Zonghai, 2020. "A comprehensive review of battery modeling and state estimation approaches for advanced battery management systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    2. Jacek Pielecha & Kinga Skobiej & Karolina Kurtyka, 2020. "Exhaust Emissions and Energy Consumption Analysis of Conventional, Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles in Real Driving Cycles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-21, December.
    3. Matthias Rogge & Sebastian Wollny & Dirk Uwe Sauer, 2015. "Fast Charging Battery Buses for the Electrification of Urban Public Transport—A Feasibility Study Focusing on Charging Infrastructure and Energy Storage Requirements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(5), pages 1-20, May.
    4. Joon Moon & Young Joo Kim & Taesu Cheong & Sang Hwa Song, 2020. "Locating Battery Swapping Stations for a Smart e-Bus System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-21, February.
    5. Morris Brenna & Vittorio Bucci & Maria Carmen Falvo & Federica Foiadelli & Alessandro Ruvio & Giorgio Sulligoi & Andrea Vicenzutti, 2020. "A Review on Energy Efficiency in Three Transportation Sectors: Railways, Electrical Vehicles and Marine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-19, May.
    6. Gao, Zhiming & Lin, Zhenhong & LaClair, Tim J. & Liu, Changzheng & Li, Jan-Mou & Birky, Alicia K. & Ward, Jacob, 2017. "Battery capacity and recharging needs for electric buses in city transit service," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 588-600.
    7. Orhan Topal & İsmail Nakir, 2018. "Total Cost of Ownership Based Economic Analysis of Diesel, CNG and Electric Bus Concepts for the Public Transport in Istanbul City," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-17, September.
    8. Aftabuzzaman, Md & Mazloumi, Ehsan, 2011. "Achieving sustainable urban transport mobility in post peak oil era," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 18(5), pages 695-702, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Chein-Chung Sun & Chun-Hung Chou & Yu-Liang Lin & Yu-Hua Huang, 2022. "A Cost-Effective Passive/Active Hybrid Equalizer Circuit Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-20, March.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Boud Verbrugge & Mohammed Mahedi Hasan & Haaris Rasool & Thomas Geury & Mohamed El Baghdadi & Omar Hegazy, 2021. "Smart Integration of Electric Buses in Cities: A Technological Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-23, November.
    2. Sistig, Hubert Maximilian & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2023. "Metaheuristic for the integrated electric vehicle and crew scheduling problem," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 339(C).
    3. Wu, Xiaomei & Feng, Qijin & Bai, Chenchen & Lai, Chun Sing & Jia, Youwei & Lai, Loi Lei, 2021. "A novel fast-charging stations locational planning model for electric bus transit system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    4. Marcin Połom, 2021. "Technology Development and Spatial Diffusion of Auxiliary Power Sources in Trolleybuses in European Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, May.
    5. Basma, Hussein & Mansour, Charbel & Haddad, Marc & Nemer, Maroun & Stabat, Pascal, 2022. "Energy consumption and battery sizing for different types of electric bus service," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
    6. Dennis Dreier & Björn Rudin & Mark Howells, 2020. "Comparison of management strategies for the charging schedule and all-electric operation of a plug-in hybrid-electric bi-articulated bus fleet," Public Transport, Springer, vol. 12(2), pages 363-404, June.
    7. Krzysztof KRAWIEC, 2021. "Vehicle Cycle Hierarchization Model To Determine The Order Of Battery Electric Bus Deployment In Public Transport," Transport Problems, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Transport, vol. 16(1), pages 99-112, March.
    8. Raka Jovanovic & Islam Safak Bayram & Sertac Bayhan & Stefan Voß, 2021. "A GRASP Approach for Solving Large-Scale Electric Bus Scheduling Problems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-23, October.
    9. Jari Vepsäläinen & Antti Ritari & Antti Lajunen & Klaus Kivekäs & Kari Tammi, 2018. "Energy Uncertainty Analysis of Electric Buses," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-29, November.
    10. Mikołaj Bartłomiejczyk & Marcin Połom, 2021. "Possibilities for Developing Electromobility by Using Autonomously Powered Trolleybuses Based on the Example of Gdynia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-23, May.
    11. Gallet, Marc & Massier, Tobias & Hamacher, Thomas, 2018. "Estimation of the energy demand of electric buses based on real-world data for large-scale public transport networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 344-356.
    12. Gkiotsalitis, K. & Iliopoulou, C. & Kepaptsoglou, K., 2023. "An exact approach for the multi-depot electric bus scheduling problem with time windows," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 306(1), pages 189-206.
    13. Vepsäläinen, Jari & Otto, Kevin & Lajunen, Antti & Tammi, Kari, 2019. "Computationally efficient model for energy demand prediction of electric city bus in varying operating conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 433-443.
    14. Majumder, Suman & De, Krishnarti & Kumar, Praveen & Sengupta, Bodhisattva & Biswas, Pabitra Kumar, 2021. "Techno-commercial analysis of sustainable E-bus-based public transit systems: An Indian case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    15. Naseri, F. & Gil, S. & Barbu, C. & Cetkin, E. & Yarimca, G. & Jensen, A.C. & Larsen, P.G. & Gomes, C., 2023. "Digital twin of electric vehicle battery systems: Comprehensive review of the use cases, requirements, and platforms," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    16. Takyi-Aninakwa, Paul & Wang, Shunli & Zhang, Hongying & Yang, Xiao & Fernandez, Carlos, 2023. "A hybrid probabilistic correction model for the state of charge estimation of lithium-ion batteries considering dynamic currents and temperatures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    17. Ester Vasta & Tommaso Scimone & Giovanni Nobile & Otto Eberhardt & Daniele Dugo & Massimiliano Maurizio De Benedetti & Luigi Lanuzza & Giuseppe Scarcella & Luca Patanè & Paolo Arena & Mario Cacciato, 2023. "Models for Battery Health Assessment: A Comparative Evaluation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-34, January.
    18. Sofia Dahlgren & Jonas Ammenberg, 2021. "Sustainability Assessment of Public Transport, Part II—Applying a Multi-Criteria Assessment Method to Compare Different Bus Technologies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-30, January.
    19. Okay, Kamil & Eray, Sermet & Eray, Aynur, 2022. "Development of prototype battery management system for PV system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 1294-1304.
    20. Christoph Streuling & Johannes Pagenkopf & Moritz Schenker & Kim Lakeit, 2021. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Battery Electric Trains and Recharging Infrastructure Alternatives Integrating Adjacent Renewable Energy Sources," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-30, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:10:p:2841-:d:555004. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.