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Economic Impacts of the Demand Response of Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Degradation

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  • Yumiko Iwafune

    (Energy System Integration Social Cooperation Program, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan)

  • Kazuhiko Ogimoto

    (Energy System Integration Social Cooperation Program, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan)

Abstract

The increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) has led to increased global expectations that the application of this technology may result in the reduction of CO 2 emissions through the replacement of conventional petrol vehicles and ensure the flexibility of power systems such as batteries. In this paper, we propose a residential demand response (DR) evaluation model that considers the degradation mechanism of the EV battery and examines the effective battery operation. We adopted the already-proposed NiMnCo battery degradation model to develop an EV DR evaluation model. In this model, the battery operation is optimized to minimize the electricity and degradation costs affected by ambient temperature, battery state of charge (SOC), and depth of discharge. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the relevant parameters on the economics of the DR of EV batteries for 10 all-electric detached houses with photovoltaic system assuming multiple EV driving patterns and battery (dis)charging constraints. The results indicated that the degradation costs are greatly affected by the SOC condition. If a low SOC can be managed with a DR strategy, the total cost can be reduced. This is because the sum of the reduction of purchased cost from the utility and calendar degradation costs are higher than the increase of the cycle degradation cost. In addition, an analysis was conducted considering different driving patterns. The results showed that the cost reduction was highest when a driving pattern was employed in which the mileage was low and the staying at home time was large. When degradation costs are included, the value of optimized charging and discharging operations is more apparent than when degradation costs are not considered.

Suggested Citation

  • Yumiko Iwafune & Kazuhiko Ogimoto, 2020. "Economic Impacts of the Demand Response of Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-19, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:21:p:5771-:d:439829
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yumiko Iwafune & Kazuhiko Ogimoto & Hitoshi Azuma, 2019. "Integration of Electric Vehicles into the Electric Power System Based on Results of Road Traffic Census," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-21, May.
    2. Marongiu, Andrea & Roscher, Marco & Sauer, Dirk Uwe, 2015. "Influence of the vehicle-to-grid strategy on the aging behavior of lithium battery electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 899-912.
    3. Uddin, Kotub & Dubarry, Matthieu & Glick, Mark B., 2018. "The viability of vehicle-to-grid operations from a battery technology and policy perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 342-347.
    4. Das, Ridoy & Wang, Yue & Putrus, Ghanim & Kotter, Richard & Marzband, Mousa & Herteleer, Bert & Warmerdam, Jos, 2020. "Multi-objective techno-economic-environmental optimisation of electric vehicle for energy services," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    5. Uddin, Kotub & Jackson, Tim & Widanage, Widanalage D. & Chouchelamane, Gael & Jennings, Paul A. & Marco, James, 2017. "On the possibility of extending the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries through optimal V2G facilitated by an integrated vehicle and smart-grid system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 710-722.
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    Cited by:

    1. David Borge-Diez & Pedro Miguel Ortega-Cabezas & Antonio Colmenar-Santos & Jorge Juan Blanes-Peiró, 2021. "Contribution of Driving Efficiency to Vehicle-to-Building," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-30, June.
    2. Andre Leippi & Markus Fleschutz & Michael D. Murphy, 2022. "A Review of EV Battery Utilization in Demand Response Considering Battery Degradation in Non-Residential Vehicle-to-Grid Scenarios," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-22, April.

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