IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v13y2020i19p5131-d422926.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimisation of Control Input Allocation Maps for Electric Vehicle Heat Pump-based Cabin Heating Systems

Author

Listed:
  • Ivan Cvok

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Igor Ratković

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Joško Deur

    (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

Abstract

The heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system negatively affects the electric vehicle (EV) driving range, especially under cold ambient conditions. Modern HVAC systems based on the vapour-compression cycle can be rearranged to operate in the heat pump mode to improve the overall system efficiency compared to conventional electrical/resistive heaters. Since such an HVAC system is typically equipped with multiple actuators (compressor, pumps, fans, valves), with the majority of them being controlled in open loop, an optimisation-based control input allocation is necessary to achieve the highest efficiency. This paper presents a genetic algorithm optimisation-based HVAC control input allocation method, which utilises a multi-physical HVAC system model implemented in Dymola/Modelica. The considered control inputs include the cabin inlet air temperature reference, blower and radiator fan air mass flows and secondary coolant loop pumps’ speeds. The optimal allocation is subject to specified, target cabin air temperatures and heating power. Additional constraints include actuator hardware limits and safety functions, such as maintaining the superheat temperature at its reference level. The optimisation objective is to maximise the system efficiency defined by the coefficient of performance (COP). The optimised allocation maps are fitted by proper mathematical functions to facilitate the control strategy implementation and calibration. The overall control strategy consists of superimposed cabin air temperature controller that commands heating power, control input allocation functions, and low-level controllers that ensure cabin inlet air and superheat temperature regulation. The control system performance is verified through Dymola simulations for the heat pump mode in a heat-up scenario. Control input allocation map optimisation results are presented for air-conditioning (A/C) mode, as well.

Suggested Citation

  • Ivan Cvok & Igor Ratković & Joško Deur, 2020. "Optimisation of Control Input Allocation Maps for Electric Vehicle Heat Pump-based Cabin Heating Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-23, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:19:p:5131-:d:422926
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/19/5131/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/19/5131/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Qinghong Peng & Qungui Du, 2016. "Progress in Heat Pump Air Conditioning Systems for Electric Vehicles—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-17, March.
    2. Zhang, Zhenying & Wang, Jiayu & Feng, Xu & Chang, Li & Chen, Yanhua & Wang, Xingguo, 2018. "The solutions to electric vehicle air conditioning systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 443-463.
    3. Myeong Hyeon Park & Sung Chul Kim, 2017. "Heating Performance Characteristics of High-Voltage PTC Heater for an Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-14, September.
    4. Daniele Basciotti & Dominik Dvorak & Imre Gellai, 2020. "A Novel Methodology for Evaluating the Impact of Energy Efficiency Measures on the Cabin Thermal Comfort of Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-16, July.
    5. Qi, Zhaogang, 2014. "Advances on air conditioning and heat pump system in electric vehicles – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 754-764.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Nan & Lu, Yiji & Ouderji, Zahra Hajabdollahi & Yu, Zhibin, 2023. "Review of heat pump integrated energy systems for future zero-emission vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    2. Gian Luca Patrone & Elena Paffumi & Marcos Otura & Mario Centurelli & Christian Ferrarese & Steffen Jahn & Andreas Brenner & Bernd Thieringer & Daniel Braun & Thomas Hoffmann, 2022. "Assessing the Energy Consumption and Driving Range of the QUIET Project Demonstrator Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-21, February.
    3. Ivan Cvok & Igor Ratković & Joško Deur, 2021. "Multi-Objective Optimisation-Based Design of an Electric Vehicle Cabin Heating Control System for Improved Thermal Comfort and Driving Range," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-24, February.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ivan Cvok & Igor Ratković & Joško Deur, 2021. "Multi-Objective Optimisation-Based Design of an Electric Vehicle Cabin Heating Control System for Improved Thermal Comfort and Driving Range," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-24, February.
    2. Zhang, Nan & Lu, Yiji & Ouderji, Zahra Hajabdollahi & Yu, Zhibin, 2023. "Review of heat pump integrated energy systems for future zero-emission vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    3. Ahmed, Hossam A. & Megahed, Tamer F. & Mori, Shinsuke & Nada, Sameh & Hassan, Hamdy, 2023. "Novel design of thermo-electric air conditioning system integrated with PV panel for electric vehicles: Performance evaluation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).
    4. Kang Li & Jun Yu & Mingkang Liu & Dan Xu & Lin Su & Yidong Fang, 2020. "A Study of Optimal Refrigerant Charge Amount Determination for Air-Conditioning Heat Pump System in Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-18, February.
    5. Zhang, Zhenying & Wang, Jiayu & Feng, Xu & Chang, Li & Chen, Yanhua & Wang, Xingguo, 2018. "The solutions to electric vehicle air conditioning systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 443-463.
    6. Sørensen, Åse Lekang & Ludvigsen, Bjørn & Andresen, Inger, 2023. "Grid-connected cabin preheating of Electric Vehicles in cold climates – A non-flexible share of the EV energy use," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    7. Tong-Bou Chang & Jer-Jia Sheu & Jhong-Wei Huang, 2020. "High-Efficiency HVAC System with Defog/Dehumidification Function for Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, December.
    8. Ju Yeong Kwon & Jung Kyung Kim & Hyunjin Lee & Dongchan Lee & Da Young Ju, 2023. "A Comprehensive Overview of Basic Research on Human Thermal Management in Future Mobility: Considerations, Challenges, and Methods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-20, April.
    9. Gian Luca Patrone & Elena Paffumi & Marcos Otura & Mario Centurelli & Christian Ferrarese & Steffen Jahn & Andreas Brenner & Bernd Thieringer & Daniel Braun & Thomas Hoffmann, 2022. "Assessing the Energy Consumption and Driving Range of the QUIET Project Demonstrator Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-21, February.
    10. Xu, Jiamin & Zhang, Caizhi & Wan, Zhongmin & Chen, Xi & Chan, Siew Hwa & Tu, Zhengkai, 2022. "Progress and perspectives of integrated thermal management systems in PEM fuel cell vehicles: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 155(C).
    11. Ibrahim, Amier & Jiang, Fangming, 2021. "The electric vehicle energy management: An overview of the energy system and related modeling and simulation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    12. Weckerle, C. & Nasir, M. & Hegner, R. & Bürger, I. & Linder, M., 2020. "A metal hydride air-conditioning system for fuel cell vehicles – Functional demonstration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    13. Caiyang Wei & Theo Hofman & Esin Ilhan Caarls & Rokus van Iperen, 2019. "Integrated Energy and Thermal Management for Electrified Powertrains," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-24, May.
    14. Jung, Jongho & Jeon, Yongseok & Cho, Wonhee & Kim, Yongchan, 2020. "Effects of injection-port angle and internal heat exchanger length in vapor injection heat pumps for electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    15. Srivastava, Raj Shekhar & Kumar, Anuruddh & Thakur, Harishchandra & Vaish, Rahul, 2022. "Solar assisted thermoelectric cooling/heating system for vehicle cabin during parking: A numerical study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 384-403.
    16. Qinghong Peng & Qungui Du, 2016. "Progress in Heat Pump Air Conditioning Systems for Electric Vehicles—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-17, March.
    17. Zhao, Weiwei & Zhang, Tongtong & Kildahl, Harriet & Ding, Yulong, 2022. "Mobile energy recovery and storage: Multiple energy-powered EVs and refuelling stations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    18. Yu, Binbin & Yang, Jingye & Wang, Dandong & Shi, Junye & Guo, Zhikai & Chen, Jiangping, 2019. "Experimental energetic analysis of CO2/R41 blends in automobile air-conditioning and heat pump systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 1142-1153.
    19. Liu, Yang & Zheng, Ruowei & Li, Ji, 2022. "High latent heat phase change materials (PCMs) with low melting temperature for thermal management and storage of electronic devices and power batteries: Critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    20. Suh, In-Soo & Lee, Minyoung & Kim, Jedok & Oh, Sang Taek & Won, Jong-Phil, 2015. "Design and experimental analysis of an efficient HVAC (heating, ventilation, air-conditioning) system on an electric bus with dynamic on-road wireless charging," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 262-273.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:19:p:5131-:d:422926. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.