IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/fip/fedcec/96593.html

COVID-19 and Education: An Updated Survey of the Research

Author

Listed:
  • Peter Hinrichs

Abstract

This Economic Commentary surveys research on COVID-19 in relation to education in the United States. It is a companion to an earlier survey (Hinrichs, 2021) and focuses on the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic that might persist even after life has returned to a relative normal. The evidence suggests that the pandemic led to lower enrollment at public schools and negatively impacted student learning. In addition, teacher turnover did not rise at the beginning of the pandemic, but it has risen in the years since.

Suggested Citation

  • Peter Hinrichs, 2023. "COVID-19 and Education: An Updated Survey of the Research," Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, vol. 2023(15), pages 1-5, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedcec:96593
    DOI: 10.26509/frbc-ec-202315
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.clevelandfed.org/-/media/project/clevelandfedtenant/clevelandfedsite/publications/economic-commentary/2023/ec-202315-covid-19-and-education-an-updated-survey-of-the-research/ec-202315.pdf
    File Function: Full Text
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://doi.org/10.26509/frbc-ec-202315
    File Function: Persistent Link
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.26509/frbc-ec-202315?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Rebecca Jack & Clare Halloran & James Okun & Emily Oster, 2023. "Pandemic Schooling Mode and Student Test Scores: Evidence from US School Districts," American Economic Review: Insights, American Economic Association, vol. 5(2), pages 173-190, June.
    2. Elena Doty & Thomas J. Kane & Tyler Patterson & Douglas O. Staiger, 2022. "What Do Changes in State Test Scores Imply for Later Life Outcomes?," NBER Working Papers 30701, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Musaddiq, Tareena & Stange, Kevin & Bacher-Hicks, Andrew & Goodman, Joshua, 2022. "The Pandemic’s effect on demand for public schools, homeschooling, and private schools," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Levere, Michael & Hemmeter, Jeffrey & Wittenburg, David, 2024. "The importance of schools in driving children’s applications for disability benefits," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 239(C).
    2. Bravata, Dena & Cantor, Jonathan & Sood, Neeraj & Whaley, Christopher, 2025. "Back to school: The effect of school visits during COVID-19 on COVID-19 outcomes," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    3. Harbatkin, Erica & Strunk, Katharine O. & McIlwain, Aliyah, 2023. "School turnaround in a pandemic: An examination of the outsized implications of COVID-19 on low-performing turnaround schools, districts, and their communities," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    4. Iqbal,Syedah Aroob & Patrinos,Harry Anthony, 2023. "Learning during the Pandemic : Evidence from Uzbekistan," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10474, The World Bank.
    5. David R. Agrawal & Aline Bütikofer, 2022. "Public finance in the era of the COVID-19 crisis," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 29(6), pages 1349-1372, December.
    6. Conti, Gabriella & Giannola, Michele & Toppeta, Alessandro, 2022. "Parental Beliefs, Perceived Health Risks, and Time Investment in Children: Evidence from COVID-19," IZA Discussion Papers 15765, IZA Network @ LISER.
    7. Kairon Shayne D. Garcia & Benjamin W. Cowan, 2024. "Childcare Responsibilities and Parental Labor Market Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic," Journal of Labor Research, Springer, vol. 45(2), pages 153-200, June.
    8. Gillitzer, Christian & Prasad, Nalini, 2024. "The effect of school closures on standardized test scores: Evidence under zero-COVID policies," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    9. Roy, Joydeep & Nguyen-Hoang, Phuong, 2022. "School enrollments during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of New York," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 219(C).
    10. Banerjee, Rakesh & Bharati, Tushar, 2025. "Learning disruptions and academic outcomes," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    11. Francis, Abigail & Goodman, Joshua, 2025. "School enrollment shifts five years after the pandemic," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    12. Clare Halloran & Rebecca Jack & James C. Okun & Emily Oster, 2021. "Pandemic Schooling Mode and Student Test Scores: Evidence from US States," NBER Working Papers 29497, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    13. Robbennolt, Dale & Haddad, Angela J. & Bhat, Chandra R., 2026. "A rank-based model of residential location preferences before and during the COVID-19 pandemic," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 203(C).
    14. Liu, Fanyu & Geng, Kerui & Chen, Feng, 2025. "Gone with the wind? Impacts of hurricanes on college enrollment and completion," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    15. Gabriella Conti & Michele Giannola & Alessandro Toppeta, 2024. "Parental beliefs, perceived health risks, and time investment in children," IFS Working Papers W24/15, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
    16. Kamila Cygan-Rehm, 2022. "Lifetime Consequences of Lost Instructional Time in the Classroom: Evidence from Shortened School Years," CESifo Working Paper Series 9892, CESifo.
    17. Patrinos, Harry Anthony & Jakubowski, Maciej & Gajderowicz, Tomasz, 2025. "The Learning Crisis in the United States Three Years After Covid-19," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1574, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    18. Anjali Adukia & Emileigh Harrison, 2025. "Separation of Church and State Curricula? Examining Public and Religious Private School Textbooks," CESifo Working Paper Series 11965, CESifo.
    19. Eric Budish, 2025. "R," Review of Economic Design, Springer;Society for Economic Design, vol. 29(1), pages 9-43, February.
    20. Charlene Marie Kalenkoski & Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia, 2025. "Teen social interactions and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 23(1), pages 357-404, March.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:fip:fedcec:96593. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: 4D Library (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/frbclus.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.