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A generalised function for modeling bi-directional flow effects on indoor walkways in Hong Kong

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  • Lam, William H. K.
  • Lee, Jodie Y. S.
  • Chan, K. S.
  • Goh, P. K.

Abstract

This paper examines the relationships between walking speed and pedestrian flow under various bi-directional flow conditions at indoor walkways in Hong Kong. The effects of bi-directional pedestrian flows are investigated empirically with particular emphasis on their effects on walking time for different directions of flow at pedestrian walkways in Hong Kong. Flow measurements were conducted at selected indoor walkways in urban areas. A generalized walking time function that takes bi-directional flow distributions (or flow ratios) into account is proposed for these pedestrian facilities and calibrated for various flow conditions ranging from free-flow to congested-flow (at-capacity) situations. The bi-directional flow effects on free-flow walking speed, effective capacity and at-capacity walking speed are validated with observed data. It was found that the bi-directional flow ratios have significant impacts on both the at-capacity walking speeds and the maximum flow rates of the selected walkways but not on the free-flow walking speeds. The findings and study methodology provide better insight into the effects of bi-directional pedestrian flow characteristics and will assist engineers/planners in improving the design and operation of pedestrian facilities not only in Hong Kong, but also in other countries as well.

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  • Lam, William H. K. & Lee, Jodie Y. S. & Chan, K. S. & Goh, P. K., 2003. "A generalised function for modeling bi-directional flow effects on indoor walkways in Hong Kong," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 37(9), pages 789-810, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:transa:v:37:y:2003:i:9:p:789-810
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Blue, Victor J. & Adler, Jeffrey L., 2001. "Cellular automata microsimulation for modeling bi-directional pedestrian walkways," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 293-312, March.
    2. Hyde, T. & Wright, C. C., 1986. "Extreme value methods for estimating road traffic capacity," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 125-138, April.
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    3. Guo, Ning & Jiang, Rui & Wong, S.C. & Hao, Qing-Yi & Xue, Shu-Qi & Xiao, Yao & Wu, Chao-Yun, 2020. "Modeling the interactions of pedestrians and cyclists in mixed flow conditions in uni- and bidirectional flows on a shared pedestrian-cycle road," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 259-284.
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    5. Flötteröd, Gunnar & Lämmel, Gregor, 2015. "Bidirectional pedestrian fundamental diagram," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 194-212.
    6. Zhang, J. & Seyfried, A., 2014. "Comparison of intersecting pedestrian flows based on experiments," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 405(C), pages 316-325.
    7. Hänseler, Flurin S. & Bierlaire, Michel & Scarinci, Riccardo, 2016. "Assessing the usage and level-of-service of pedestrian facilities in train stations: A Swiss case study," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 106-123.
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    12. Huang, Ling & Wong, S.C. & Zhang, Mengping & Shu, Chi-Wang & Lam, William H.K., 2009. "Revisiting Hughes' dynamic continuum model for pedestrian flow and the development of an efficient solution algorithm," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 43(1), pages 127-141, January.
    13. Guo, Wei & Wang, Xiaolu & Zheng, Xiaoping, 2015. "Lane formation in pedestrian counterflows driven by a potential field considering following and avoidance behaviours," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 432(C), pages 87-101.
    14. Fu, Zhijian & Luo, Lin & Yang, Yue & Zhuang, Yifan & Zhang, Peitong & Yang, Lizhong & Yang, Hongtai & Ma, Jian & Zhu, Kongjin & Li, Yanlai, 2016. "Effect of speed matching on fundamental diagram of pedestrian flow," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 458(C), pages 31-42.
    15. Hu, Lu & Jiang, Yangsheng & Zhu, Juanxiu & Chen, Yanru, 2015. "A PH/PH(n)/C/C state-dependent queuing model for metro station corridor width design," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 240(1), pages 109-126.
    16. Sharifi, Mohammad Sadra & Song, Ziqi & Esfahani, Hossein Nasr & Christensen, Keith, 2020. "Exploring heterogeneous pedestrian stream characteristics at walking facilities with different angle intersections," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 540(C).
    17. Taku Fujiyama & Nick Tyler, 2009. "Bidirectional Collision-Avoidance Behaviour of Pedestrians on Stairs," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 36(1), pages 128-148, February.
    18. Luo, Lin & Liu, Xiaobo & Fu, Zhijian & Ma, Jian & Liu, Fanxiao, 2020. "Modeling following behavior and right-side-preference in multidirectional pedestrian flows by modified FFCA," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 550(C).
    19. Tipakornkiat, Chalat & Limanond, Thirayoot & Kim, Hyunmyung, 2012. "Determining an influencing area affecting walking speed on footpath: A case study of a footpath in CBD Bangkok, Thailand," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 391(22), pages 5453-5464.
    20. Lee, Jodie Y.S. & Lam, William H.K., 2008. "Simulating pedestrian movements at signalized crosswalks in Hong Kong," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 42(10), pages 1314-1325, December.
    21. Zhang, Qi, 2015. "Simulation model of bi-directional pedestrian considering potential effect ahead and behind," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 419(C), pages 335-348.
    22. Lili Lu, A. & Gang Ren, B. & Wei Wang, C. & Ching-Yao Chan, D., 2015. "Application of SFCA pedestrian simulation model to the signalized crosswalk width design," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 76-89.

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