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Balancing innovation and sustainability: The E-waste challenge in achieving SDG 13 across EEA countries

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  • Malik, Arsalan Haneef
  • Rehan, Muhammad
  • Hussain, Arsalan
  • Ur-Rehman, Awais
  • Kashif, Muhammad

Abstract

This study examines the complex relationship between green growth (GG), green technology innovation (GTI), information and communication technology use (ICT), and electronic waste (e-waste) in achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 within European Economic Area (EEA) countries. The variables were analyzed from 2012 to 2021 using a dynamic panel data approach with the generalized method of moments (GMM). The study applies four steps of Baron and Kenny’s (1986) method to explore the mediating role of e-waste in the connection between environmental and technological factors and SDG 13. The results show that while GG, GTI, and ICT positively influence SDG 13, their increased use also raises e-waste, which negatively impacts environmental sustainability efforts (SDG 13) in EEA countries. Therefore, this research underscores the urgent requirement for strong e-waste management policies to balance technological progress with sustainable practices, providing valuable insights for policymakers seeking to align economic growth with global sustainability objectives.

Suggested Citation

  • Malik, Arsalan Haneef & Rehan, Muhammad & Hussain, Arsalan & Ur-Rehman, Awais & Kashif, Muhammad, 2026. "Balancing innovation and sustainability: The E-waste challenge in achieving SDG 13 across EEA countries," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:teinso:v:84:y:2026:i:c:s0160791x25003094
    DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.103119
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