IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/streco/v71y2024icp261-269.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Uncovering the key features of iron metabolism in Pakistan from 2005 to 2020: A dynamic material flow analysis

Author

Listed:
  • Rabab, Nida
  • Geng, Yong
  • Cai, Wenqiu
  • Gu, Wang
  • Gao, Ziyan
  • Shi, Junting

Abstract

Iron is a crucial metal for Pakistan's growth, especially in its infrastructure and industrial sectors. However, the key features of iron metabolism are still unclear in this country, which makes it difficult to prepare appropriate iron management policies. In order to fill this knowledge gap, we employ a dynamic material flow analysis method to uncover the key features of iron metabolism in Pakistan for the period of 2005–2020. The result shows that a total of 2.057 Mt of iron ore was extracted during this study period. Pakistan heavily relied on importing iron resources to meet its demand, mainly from China (13.14 %), Japan (6.86 %), the United Arab Emirates (6.24 %), and the United Kingdom (6.27 %). Meanwhile, China (43.5 %) and the United Arab Emirates (19.82 %) are the top two buyers of Pakistan's iron-related products. In addition, our results indicate that iron recycling was insufficient in Pakistan, with a recycling rate of only 15 %. Finally, several policy recommendations are proposed by considering the Pakistan's reality in order to enhance the overall iron resource efficiency.

Suggested Citation

  • Rabab, Nida & Geng, Yong & Cai, Wenqiu & Gu, Wang & Gao, Ziyan & Shi, Junting, 2024. "Uncovering the key features of iron metabolism in Pakistan from 2005 to 2020: A dynamic material flow analysis," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 261-269.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:streco:v:71:y:2024:i:c:p:261-269
    DOI: 10.1016/j.strueco.2024.08.001
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0954349X24001085
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.strueco.2024.08.001?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wang, Minxi & Chen, Wu & Li, Xin, 2015. "Substance flow analysis of copper in production stage in the U.S. from 1974 to 2012," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 105(PA), pages 36-48.
    2. Gauffin, Alicia & Andersson, Nils Å.I. & Storm, Per & Tilliander, Anders & Jönsson, Pär G., 2017. "Time-varying losses in material flows of steel using dynamic material flow models," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 70-83.
    3. Hu, Mingming & Pauliuk, Stefan & Wang, Tao & Huppes, Gjalt & van der Voet, Ester & Müller, Daniel B., 2010. "Iron and steel in Chinese residential buildings: A dynamic analysis," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 54(9), pages 591-600.
    4. Gao, Cuixia & Xu, Yufei & Geng, Yong & Xiao, Shijiang, 2022. "Uncovering terbium metabolism in China: A dynamic material flow analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    5. Mei, Yueru & Geng, Yong & Xiao, Shijiang & Su, Chang & Gao, Ziyan & Wei, Wendong, 2023. "Dynamic material flow analysis of rhenium in China for 2011–2020," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    6. Yan, Lingyu & Wang, Anjian, 2014. "Based on material flow analysis: Value chain analysis of China iron resources," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 52-61.
    7. Mei, Yueru & Geng, Yong & Chen, Zhujun & Xiao, Shijiang & Gao, Ziyan, 2024. "Ensuring the sustainable supply of semiconductor material: A case of germanium in China," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    8. Zhao, Guimei & Geng, Yong & Wei, Wendong & Bleischwitz, Raimund & Ge, Zewen, 2023. "Assessing gadolinium resource efficiency and criticality in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    9. Xiao, Shijiang & Geng, Yong & Rui, Xue & Gao, Ziyan & Su, Chang & Yao, Tianli & Zhong, Chen, 2024. "Anthropogenic cycles of praseodymium in China: 2000–2020," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    10. Zhu, Xiangyan & Geng, Yong & Gao, Ziyan & Tian, Xu & Xiao, Shijiang & Houssini, Khaoula, 2023. "Investigating zirconium flows and stocks in China: A dynamic material flow analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    11. Mirza Aqeel Baig & Shahida Wizarat & Javed Iqbal, 2020. "How Pakistani Industries Respond to Local and World Business Cycles," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 10(12), pages 1480-1495, December.
    12. Hao, Han & Liu, Zongwei & Zhao, Fuquan & Geng, Yong & Sarkis, Joseph, 2017. "Material flow analysis of lithium in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 100-106.
    13. Khalid Mughal & Irfan Khan & Farhat Usman, 2015. "The Impacts of Financial Crisis on Pakistan Economy: An Empirical Approach," International Journal of Empirical Finance, Research Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 4(5), pages 258-269.
    14. Li, Qiangfeng & Gao, Tianming & Wang, Gaoshang & Cheng, Jinhua & Dai, Tao & Wang, Huan, 2019. "Dynamic analysis of iron flows and in-use stocks in China: 1949–2015," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 625-634.
    15. Zhao, Guimei & Li, Wenxiu & Geng, Yong & Bleischwitz, Raimund, 2023. "Dynamic material flow analysis of antimony resources in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    16. Sayed Irshad Hussain & Akhtar Hussain & Muhammad Mehboob Alam & Professor Caroline Elliott, 2020. "Determinants of export supply in Pakistan: A sector wise disaggregated analysis," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(1), pages 1732072-173, January.
    17. Mirza Aqeel Baig & Shahida Wizarat & Javed Iqbal, 2020. "How Pakistani Industries Respond to Local and World Business Cycles," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 10(12), pages 1480-1495.
    18. Liu, Sijie & Geng, Yong & Gao, Ziyan & Li, Jinze & Xiao, Shijiang, 2023. "Uncovering the key features of gold flows and stocks in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    19. Guo, Tianjiao & Geng, Yong & Song, Xiaoqian & Rui, Xue & Ge, Zewen, 2023. "Tracing magnesium flows in China: A dynamic material flow analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    20. Daigo, Ichiro & Hashimoto, Susumu & Matsuno, Yasunari & Adachi, Yoshihiro, 2009. "Material stocks and flows accounting for copper and copper-based alloys in Japan," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 53(4), pages 208-217.
    21. Wang, Peng & Jiang, Zeyi & Geng, Xinyi & Hao, Shiyu & Zhang, Xinxin, 2014. "Quantification of Chinese steel cycle flow: Historical status and future options," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 191-199.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tong, Lu & Geng, Yong & Mei, Yueru & Gao, Ziyan & Liu, Sijie, 2024. "Mapping the anthropogenic zinc cycle in China from 2000 to 2021: A dynamic material flow analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    2. Zhao, Guimei & Li, Wenxiu & Geng, Yong & Bleischwitz, Raimund, 2023. "Dynamic material flow analysis of antimony resources in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    3. Li, Jinze & Geng, Yong & Liu, Sijie & Zhong, Chen & Gu, Wang, 2024. "Uncovering the features of rhodium metabolism in China during 2011–2022," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    4. Yang, Honghua & Ma, Linwei & Li, Zheng, 2023. "Tracing China's steel use from steel flows in the production system to steel footprints in the consumption system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    5. Guo, Tianjiao & Geng, Yong & Song, Xiaoqian & Rui, Xue & Ge, Zewen, 2023. "Tracing magnesium flows in China: A dynamic material flow analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    6. Tan, Xueping & Zhong, Yiran & Wang, Ziyi & Geng, Yong & Xiao, Shijiang & Zhang, Yuquan & Huang, Junxiang, 2024. "Mapping cerium flows in China: A dynamic material flow analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    7. Yue, Qiang & Chai, Xicui & Zhao, Feng & He, Junhao & Li, Yun & Wang, Heming, 2023. "Analysis of iron in-use stocks: Evidence from the provincial and municipal levels in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    8. Liu, Sijie & Geng, Yong & Gao, Ziyan & Li, Jinze & Xiao, Shijiang, 2023. "Uncovering the key features of gold flows and stocks in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    9. Kermeli, Katerina & Edelenbosch, Oreane Y. & Crijns-Graus, Wina & van Ruijven, Bas J. & van Vuuren, Detlef P. & Worrell, Ernst, 2022. "Improving material projections in Integrated Assessment Models: The use of a stock-based versus a flow-based approach for the iron and steel industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PE).
    10. Xuan, Yanni & Yue, Qiang, 2017. "Scenario analysis on resource and environmental benefits of imported steel scrap for China’s steel industry," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 186-198.
    11. Yang, Ping & Gao, Xiangyun & Zhao, Yiran & Jia, Nanfei & Dong, Xiaojuan, 2021. "Lithium resource allocation optimization of the lithium trading network based on material flow," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    12. Mei, Yueru & Geng, Yong & Xiao, Shijiang & Su, Chang & Gao, Ziyan & Wei, Wendong, 2023. "Dynamic material flow analysis of rhenium in China for 2011–2020," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    13. Xuan, Yanni & Yue, Qiang, 2016. "Forecast of steel demand and the availability of depreciated steel scrap in China," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 1-12.
    14. Javed IQBAL, 2024. "Asymmetric Effects Of Local And Global Business Cycle Variations On The Sectoral Industrial Production In Singapore," Studies in Business and Economics, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Economic Sciences, vol. 19(1), pages 75-96, April.
    15. Cao, Zhi & Shen, Lei & Liu, Litao & Zhao, Jianan & Zhong, Shuai & Kong, Hanxiao & Sun, Yanzhi, 2017. "Estimating the in-use cement stock in China: 1920–2013," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 21-31.
    16. Zhu, Xiangyan & Geng, Yong & Gao, Ziyan & Tian, Xu & Xiao, Shijiang & Houssini, Khaoula, 2023. "Investigating zirconium flows and stocks in China: A dynamic material flow analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    17. Hache, Emmanuel & Seck, Gondia Sokhna & Simoen, Marine & Bonnet, Clément & Carcanague, Samuel, 2019. "Critical raw materials and transportation sector electrification: A detailed bottom-up analysis in world transport," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C), pages 6-25.
    18. Jiang, Meihui & An, Haizhong & Guan, Qing & Sun, Xiaoqi, 2018. "Global embodied mineral flow between industrial sectors: A network perspective," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 192-201.
    19. Dhiya Durani Sofian Azizi & Marlia M. Hanafiah & Kok Sin Woon, 2023. "Material Flow Analysis in WEEE Management for Circular Economy: A Content Review on Applications, Limitations, and Future Outlook," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-22, February.
    20. Yoshida, Keisuke & Fishman, Tomer & Okuoka, Keijiro & Tanikawa, Hiroki, 2017. "Material stock's overburden: Automatic spatial detection and estimation of domestic extraction and hidden material flows," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 165-175.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:streco:v:71:y:2024:i:c:p:261-269. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/525148 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.