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Revisiting the energy-happiness paradox: Energy hardship, housing tenure, and well-being

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  • Park, Gum-Ryeong
  • Zhang, Bo
  • Du, Haitao

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between two dimensions of energy-related hardship, including inadequate heating conditions and a high energy cost burden, and life satisfaction among Korean households. The study also explores whether these associations are moderated by housing tenure. We analyzed data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study (2007–2022), a nationally representative longitudinal survey (23791 individuals). Individual level fixed-effects regression models were employed to estimate the effects of heating adequacy and energy cost burden on life satisfaction, while controlling for time-varying covariates. Interaction terms were included to examine moderation by housing tenure. Inadequate heating was significantly associated with lower life satisfaction, while high energy cost burden (≥10 % of income) was positively associated with life satisfaction. However, the positive association of energy cost burden was attenuated when heating conditions were inadequate, supporting the concept of an energy-happiness paradox. These adverse effects were more pronounced among renters, who experienced a compounded disadvantage due to limited control over housing maintenance and exposure to poor infrastructure. The findings highlight the multidimensional nature of energy equity and its psychological impact on different housing tenures. Integrating housing and energy policy is essential to promote well-being and reduce socioeconomic health disparities.

Suggested Citation

  • Park, Gum-Ryeong & Zhang, Bo & Du, Haitao, 2026. "Revisiting the energy-happiness paradox: Energy hardship, housing tenure, and well-being," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 389(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:389:y:2026:i:c:s0277953625011669
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118835
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