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Unpaid labour and mental health–the role of perceived fairness and satisfaction in division amongst working-age adults; a longitudinal analysis using 18 waves of panel data

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  • Ervin, Jennifer
  • Churchill, Brendan
  • Ruppanner, Leah
  • King, Tania

Abstract

Across the globe, the division of unpaid labour remains highly gendered and unequally shared. This has consequences for women's economic security and their ability to participate equally in paid work. Whilst unpaid labour time has been shown to be associated with poorer mental health, understanding how the unequal division of unpaid labour impacts mental health requires further scrutiny. Utilising 18 annual waves (2005–2022) of the HILDA survey, this study employed Mundlak modelling to examine the longitudinal association between perceptions of fairness and satisfaction in the division of key unpaid labour domains (household work and childcare) and mental health in working-age Australians (n = 8734). Mental health was assessed using the MHI-5 scale. All analyses were stratified by gender. Findings demonstrate that the mental health of both men and women is poorer when they are dissatisfied with the division of either domain of unpaid labour and when they perceive that they are doing more or less than one's fair share of both housework and childcare. Importantly, this research tells us that it is not only the objective division of unpaid labour that impacts mental health but also satisfaction and one's perceptions of fairness in that division.

Suggested Citation

  • Ervin, Jennifer & Churchill, Brendan & Ruppanner, Leah & King, Tania, 2025. "Unpaid labour and mental health–the role of perceived fairness and satisfaction in division amongst working-age adults; a longitudinal analysis using 18 waves of panel data," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 384(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:socmed:v:384:y:2025:i:c:s0277953625008901
    DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.118559
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Leah Ruppanner & Maria Brandén & Eva Bernhardt, 2017. "Division of housework and his and her view of housework fairness: A typology of Swedish couples," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 36(16), pages 501-524.
    2. Krol, Marieke & Brouwer, Werner, 2015. "Unpaid work in health economic evaluations," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 127-137.
    3. Bell, Andrew & Jones, Kelvyn, 2015. "Explaining Fixed Effects: Random Effects Modeling of Time-Series Cross-Sectional and Panel Data," Political Science Research and Methods, Cambridge University Press, vol. 3(1), pages 133-153, January.
    4. Greta Friedemann-Sánchez & Joan M. Griffin, 2011. "Defining the Boundaries between Unpaid Labor and Unpaid Caregiving: Review of the Social and Health Sciences Literature," Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(4), pages 511-534, November.
    5. Gigi Foster & Leslie S. Stratton, 2019. "What women want (their men to do): Housework and Satisfaction in Australian Households," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(3), pages 23-47, July.
    6. Watson Nicole & Wooden Mark, 2021. "The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 241(1), pages 131-141, February.
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    1. Botha, Ferdi & Kabátek, Jan & Meekes, Jordy & Wilkins, Roger, 2026. "The effects of commuting and working from home arrangements on mental health," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 389(C).

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