Hybrid enhancement of SOFC anodes: Integrating modulated electrical double layers and phase change materials for carbon-resilient energy conversion

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can revitalise energy conversion technology to be more environmentally friendly because they provide efficient energy and run on various fuel types. These advantages make them applicable in multiple sectors such as industrial processes, power generation, electronic devices and automobiles. SOFC single cell typically consists of the anode, cathode and electrolyte often stacked together by layers to increase the voltage or current output and power of a practical amount. Several advanced anode materials have been used to enhance the performance of SOFC however they are often affected by carbonization. The suggested cermet–EDL–PCM system functions synergistically by integrating electrochemical and thermal regulatory methods. The modified electrical double layer (EDL) at the electrode-electrolyte interface modifies local charge distribution and surface energetics, inhibiting carbon nucleation and facilitating cleaner fuel oxidation pathways. Simultaneously, integrated phase change materials (PCMs) mitigate thermal fluctuations by collecting and releasing latent heat, therefore diminishing thermal stresses, stabilising reaction kinetics, and improving overall solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) efficiency and durability under variable operating circumstances. Therefore, this study reviews the use of a cermet composite design integrated with a modulated electrical double layer (EDL) and phase change materials (PCM) to reduce the effect of carbon deposition, thermal properties and increase the performance of SOFC operations due to their better temperature management and electrochemical control, enhanced efficient anode with less degradation and catalytic reforming ability. This study also reviews the latest advancements in electrode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). It aims to clarify the specific challenges in developing anode and cathode materials and ultimately make SOFC technology more economically competitive.