IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v159y2022ics1364032122001307.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Advanced thermal management system driven by phase change materials for power lithium-ion batteries: A review

Author

Listed:
  • Zhang, Jiangyun
  • Shao, Dan
  • Jiang, Liqin
  • Zhang, Guoqing
  • Wu, Hongwei
  • Day, Rodney
  • Jiang, Wenzhao

Abstract

Power lithium-ion batteries are widely utilized in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) for their high energy densities and long service-life. However, thermal safety problems mainly resulting from thermal runaway (TR) must be solved. In general, temperature directly influences the performance of lithium-ion batteries. Hence, an efficient thermal management system is very necessary for battery modules/packs. One particular approach, phase change material (PCM)-based cooling, has exhibited promising applicability due to prominent controlling-temperature and stretching-temperature capacities. However, poor thermal conductivity performance, as the main technical bottleneck, is limiting the practical application. Nevertheless, only promoting the thermal conductivity is far from enough considering the practical application in EVs/HEVs. To fix these flaws, firstly, the heat generation/transfer mechanisms of lithium-ion power batteries were macro- and microscopically reviewed. Following that, the thermal conductivity, structural stability, and flame retardancy of PCM are thoroughly discussed, to which solutions to the aforementioned performances are systematically reviewed. In addition, battery thermal management system (BTMS) employing PCM is illustrated and compared. Eventually, the existing challenges and future directions of PCM-based BTMS are discussed. In summary, this review presents effective approaches to upgrade the PCM performances for high-density lithium-ion BTMS. These strategies furtherly accelerate the commercialization process of PCM BTMS.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhang, Jiangyun & Shao, Dan & Jiang, Liqin & Zhang, Guoqing & Wu, Hongwei & Day, Rodney & Jiang, Wenzhao, 2022. "Advanced thermal management system driven by phase change materials for power lithium-ion batteries: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:159:y:2022:i:c:s1364032122001307
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112207
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032122001307
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112207?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Teressa Talluri & Tae Hyeong Kim & Kyoo Jae Shin, 2020. "Analysis of a Battery Pack with a Phase Change Material for the Extreme Temperature Conditions of an Electrical Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-15, January.
    2. Cui, Tengfei & Xuan, Yimin & Yin, Ershuai & Li, Qiang & Li, Dianhong, 2017. "Experimental investigation on potential of a concentrated photovoltaic-thermoelectric system with phase change materials," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 94-102.
    3. Ling, Ziye & Chen, Jiajie & Fang, Xiaoming & Zhang, Zhengguo & Xu, Tao & Gao, Xuenong & Wang, Shuangfeng, 2014. "Experimental and numerical investigation of the application of phase change materials in a simulative power batteries thermal management system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 104-113.
    4. Zhang, Shuai & Feng, Daili & Shi, Lei & Wang, Li & Jin, Yingai & Tian, Limei & Li, Ziyuan & Wang, Guoyong & Zhao, Lei & Yan, Yuying, 2021. "A review of phase change heat transfer in shape-stabilized phase change materials (ss-PCMs) based on porous supports for thermal energy storage," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    5. Zubi, Ghassan & Dufo-López, Rodolfo & Carvalho, Monica & Pasaoglu, Guzay, 2018. "The lithium-ion battery: State of the art and future perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 292-308.
    6. Hussain, Abid & Tso, C.Y. & Chao, Christopher Y.H., 2016. "Experimental investigation of a passive thermal management system for high-powered lithium ion batteries using nickel foam-paraffin composite," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P1), pages 209-218.
    7. Cao, Jiahao & Luo, Mingyun & Fang, Xiaoming & Ling, Ziye & Zhang, Zhengguo, 2020. "Liquid cooling with phase change materials for cylindrical Li-ion batteries: An experimental and numerical study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    8. Song, Guolin & Ma, Sude & Tang, Guoyi & Yin, Zhansong & Wang, Xiaowei, 2010. "Preparation and characterization of flame retardant form-stable phase change materials composed by EPDM, paraffin and nano magnesium hydroxide," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 2179-2183.
    9. Yin, Ershuai & Li, Qiang & Li, Dianhong & Xuan, Yimin, 2019. "Experimental investigation on effects of thermal resistances on a photovoltaic-thermoelectric system integrated with phase change materials," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 172-185.
    10. He, Wei & Zhang, Gan & Zhang, Xingxing & Ji, Jie & Li, Guiqiang & Zhao, Xudong, 2015. "Recent development and application of thermoelectric generator and cooler," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 1-25.
    11. Feng, Xuning & Zheng, Siqi & Ren, Dongsheng & He, Xiangming & Wang, Li & Cui, Hao & Liu, Xiang & Jin, Changyong & Zhang, Fangshu & Xu, Chengshan & Hsu, Hungjen & Gao, Shang & Chen, Tianyu & Li, Yalun , 2019. "Investigating the thermal runaway mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries based on thermal analysis database," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C), pages 53-64.
    12. Liu, Huan-ling & Shi, Hang-bo & Shen, Han & Xie, Gongnan, 2019. "The performance management of a Li-ion battery by using tree-like mini-channel heat sinks: Experimental and numerical optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    13. Situ, Wenfu & Zhang, Guoqing & Li, Xinxi & Yang, Xiaoqing & Wei, Chao & Rao, Mumin & Wang, Ziyuan & Wang, Cong & Wu, Weixiong, 2017. "A thermal management system for rectangular LiFePO4 battery module using novel double copper mesh-enhanced phase change material plates," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 613-623.
    14. Liu, Yajie & Dong, Feng, 2022. "What are the roles of consumers, automobile production enterprises, and the government in the process of banning gasoline vehicles? Evidence from a tripartite evolutionary game model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PC).
    15. Du, Kun & Calautit, John & Wang, Zhonghua & Wu, Yupeng & Liu, Hao, 2018. "A review of the applications of phase change materials in cooling, heating and power generation in different temperature ranges," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C), pages 242-273.
    16. Wang, Zhi & Wang, Jian, 2020. "Investigation of external heating-induced failure propagation behaviors in large-size cell modules with different phase change materials," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    17. Hamid Elsheikh, Mohamed & Shnawah, Dhafer Abdulameer & Sabri, Mohd Faizul Mohd & Said, Suhana Binti Mohd & Haji Hassan, Masjuki & Ali Bashir, Mohamed Bashir & Mohamad, Mahazani, 2014. "A review on thermoelectric renewable energy: Principle parameters that affect their performance," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 337-355.
    18. Wu, Weixiong & Yang, Xiaoqing & Zhang, Guoqing & Ke, Xiufang & Wang, Ziyuan & Situ, Wenfu & Li, Xinxi & Zhang, Jiangyun, 2016. "An experimental study of thermal management system using copper mesh-enhanced composite phase change materials for power battery pack," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 909-916.
    19. Huang, Xiang & Alva, Guruprasad & Jia, Yuting & Fang, Guiyin, 2017. "Morphological characterization and applications of phase change materials in thermal energy storage: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 128-145.
    20. Wu, Weixiong & Wu, Wei & Wang, Shuangfeng, 2019. "Form-stable and thermally induced flexible composite phase change material for thermal energy storage and thermal management applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 10-21.
    21. Yang, Xiaohu & Lu, Zhao & Bai, Qingsong & Zhang, Qunli & Jin, Liwen & Yan, Jinyue, 2017. "Thermal performance of a shell-and-tube latent heat thermal energy storage unit: Role of annular fins," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 558-570.
    22. Gulfam, Raza & Zhang, Peng & Meng, Zhaonan, 2019. "Advanced thermal systems driven by paraffin-based phase change materials – A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 582-611.
    23. Sittisart, Pongphat & Farid, Mohammed M., 2011. "Fire retardants for phase change materials," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(9), pages 3140-3145.
    24. Yan Wang & Qing Gao & Tianshi Zhang & Guohua Wang & Zhipeng Jiang & Yunxia Li, 2017. "Advances in Integrated Vehicle Thermal Management and Numerical Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-30, October.
    25. Amini, Amir & Miller, Jeremy & Jouhara, Hussam, 2017. "An investigation into the use of the heat pipe technology in thermal energy storage heat exchangers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 163-172.
    26. Grosu, Yaroslav & Zhao, Yanqi & Giacomello, Alberto & Meloni, Simone & Dauvergne, Jean-Luc & Nikulin, Artem & Palomo, Elena & Ding, Yulong & Faik, Abdessamad, 2020. "Hierarchical macro-nanoporous metals for leakage-free high-thermal conductivity shape-stabilized phase change materials," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    27. Samimi, Fereshteh & Babapoor, Aziz & Azizi, Mohammadmehdi & Karimi, Gholamreza, 2016. "Thermal management analysis of a Li-ion battery cell using phase change material loaded with carbon fibers," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 355-371.
    28. Chuan-Wei Zhang & Shang-Rui Chen & Huai-Bin Gao & Ke-Jun Xu & Zhan Xia & Shuai-Tian Li, 2019. "Study of Thermal Management System Using Composite Phase Change Materials and Thermoelectric Cooling Sheet for Power Battery Pack," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-14, May.
    29. Shovon Goutam & Jean-Marc Timmermans & Noshin Omar & Peter Van den Bossche & Joeri Van Mierlo, 2015. "Comparative Study of Surface Temperature Behavior of Commercial Li-Ion Pouch Cells of Different Chemistries and Capacities by Infrared Thermography," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(8), pages 1-18, August.
    30. Lv, Youfu & Yang, Xiaoqing & Li, Xinxi & Zhang, Guoqing & Wang, Ziyuan & Yang, Chengzhao, 2016. "Experimental study on a novel battery thermal management technology based on low density polyethylene-enhanced composite phase change materials coupled with low fins," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 376-382.
    31. Cai, Yibing & Wei, Qufu & Huang, Fenglin & Lin, Shiliang & Chen, Fang & Gao, Weidong, 2009. "Thermal stability, latent heat and flame retardant properties of the thermal energy storage phase change materials based on paraffin/high density polyethylene composites," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(10), pages 2117-2123.
    32. Li, Liping & Wang, Gang & Guo, Chuigen, 2016. "Influence of intumescent flame retardant on thermal and flame retardancy of eutectic mixed paraffin/polypropylene form-stable phase change materials," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 428-434.
    33. Luo, Xiaohang & Guo, Quangui & Li, Xiangfen & Tao, Zechao & Lei, Shiwen & Liu, Junqing & Kang, Libin & Zheng, Dongfang & Liu, Zhanjun, 2020. "Experimental investigation on a novel phase change material composites coupled with graphite film used for thermal management of lithium-ion batteries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 2046-2055.
    34. Nomura, Takahiro & Zhu, Chunyu & Nan, Sheng & Tabuchi, Kazuki & Wang, Shuangfeng & Akiyama, Tomohiro, 2016. "High thermal conductivity phase change composite with a metal-stabilized carbon-fiber network," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1-6.
    35. Cai, Yibing & Wei, Qufu & Huang, Fenglin & Gao, Weidong, 2008. "Preparation and properties studies of halogen-free flame retardant form-stable phase change materials based on paraffin/high density polyethylene composites," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 85(8), pages 765-775, August.
    36. Rao, Zhonghao & Wang, Qingchao & Huang, Congliang, 2016. "Investigation of the thermal performance of phase change material/mini-channel coupled battery thermal management system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 659-669.
    37. Rao, Zhonghao & Wang, Shuangfeng, 2011. "A review of power battery thermal energy management," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 4554-4571.
    38. Ling, Ziye & Cao, Jiahao & Zhang, Wenbo & Zhang, Zhengguo & Fang, Xiaoming & Gao, Xuenong, 2018. "Compact liquid cooling strategy with phase change materials for Li-ion batteries optimized using response surface methodology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 777-788.
    39. Qu, Y. & Wang, S. & Zhou, D. & Tian, Y., 2020. "Experimental study on thermal conductivity of paraffin-based shape-stabilized phase change material with hybrid carbon nano-additives," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 2637-2645.
    40. Ling, Ziye & Wen, Xiaoyan & Zhang, Zhengguo & Fang, Xiaoming & Gao, Xuenong, 2018. "Thermal management performance of phase change materials with different thermal conductivities for Li-ion battery packs operated at low temperatures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 977-983.
    41. Jiang, Le & Zhang, Hengyun & Li, Junwei & Xia, Peng, 2019. "Thermal performance of a cylindrical battery module impregnated with PCM composite based on thermoelectric cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    42. Wang, Fangxian & Cao, Jiahao & Ling, Ziye & Zhang, Zhengguo & Fang, Xiaoming, 2020. "Experimental and simulative investigations on a phase change material nano-emulsion-based liquid cooling thermal management system for a lithium-ion battery pack," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    43. Xiao, X. & Zhang, P. & Li, M., 2013. "Preparation and thermal characterization of paraffin/metal foam composite phase change material," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1357-1366.
    44. Ling, Ziye & Wang, Fangxian & Fang, Xiaoming & Gao, Xuenong & Zhang, Zhengguo, 2015. "A hybrid thermal management system for lithium ion batteries combining phase change materials with forced-air cooling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 403-409.
    45. Huang, Yi-Huan & Cheng, Yi-Xin & Zhao, Rui & Cheng, Wen-Long, 2020. "A high heat storage capacity form-stable composite phase change material with enhanced flame retardancy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    46. Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Amin & Pesiridis, Apostolos & Rajoo, Srithar & Martinez-Botas, Ricardo & Esfahanian, Vahid, 2017. "A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 414-430.
    47. Fathabadi, Hassan, 2014. "High thermal performance lithium-ion battery pack including hybrid active–passive thermal management system for using in hybrid/electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 529-538.
    48. Jaguemont, J. & Boulon, L. & Dubé, Y., 2016. "A comprehensive review of lithium-ion batteries used in hybrid and electric vehicles at cold temperatures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 99-114.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Li, Li & Ling, Lei & Xie, Yajun & Zhou, Wencai & Wang, Tianbo & Zhang, Lanchun & Bei, Shaoyi & Zheng, Keqing & Xu, Qiang, 2023. "Comparative study of thermal management systems with different cooling structures for cylindrical battery modules: Side-cooling vs. terminal-cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    2. Hasan, Husam Abdulrasool & Togun, Hussein & Abed, Azher M & Biswas, Nirmalendu & Mohammed, Hayder I., 2023. "Thermal performance assessment for an array of cylindrical Lithium-Ion battery cells using an Air-Cooling system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 346(C).
    3. Luo, Jie & Gu, Heng & Wang, Shuo & Wang, Hao & Zou, Deqiu, 2022. "A coupled power battery cooling system based on phase change material and its influencing factors," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
    4. Li, Haowen & Yang, Huachao & Yan, Jianhua & Cen, Kefa & Ostrikov, Kostya (Ken) & Bo, Zheng, 2022. "Energy and entropy generation analysis in a supercapacitor for different operating conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    5. Brian Azzopardi & Abdul Hapid & Sunarto Kaleg & Sudirja & Djulia Onggo & Alexander C. Budiman, 2023. "Recent Advances in Battery Pack Polymer Composites," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-23, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Liu, Yang & Zheng, Ruowei & Li, Ji, 2022. "High latent heat phase change materials (PCMs) with low melting temperature for thermal management and storage of electronic devices and power batteries: Critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    2. Murali, G. & Sravya, G.S.N. & Jaya, J. & Naga Vamsi, V., 2021. "A review on hybrid thermal management of battery packs and it's cooling performance by enhanced PCM," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    3. Shen, Zu-Guo & Chen, Shuai & Liu, Xun & Chen, Ben, 2021. "A review on thermal management performance enhancement of phase change materials for vehicle lithium-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    4. Mohammed, Abubakar Gambo & Elfeky, Karem Elsayed & Wang, Qiuwang, 2022. "Recent advancement and enhanced battery performance using phase change materials based hybrid battery thermal management for electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    5. Cao, Jiahao & Luo, Mingyun & Fang, Xiaoming & Ling, Ziye & Zhang, Zhengguo, 2020. "Liquid cooling with phase change materials for cylindrical Li-ion batteries: An experimental and numerical study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    6. Thomas Imre Cyrille Buidin & Florin Mariasiu, 2021. "Battery Thermal Management Systems: Current Status and Design Approach of Cooling Technologies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-32, August.
    7. Ling, Ziye & Cao, Jiahao & Zhang, Wenbo & Zhang, Zhengguo & Fang, Xiaoming & Gao, Xuenong, 2018. "Compact liquid cooling strategy with phase change materials for Li-ion batteries optimized using response surface methodology," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 777-788.
    8. Fan, Zhaohui & Gao, Renjing & Liu, Shutian, 2022. "Thermal conductivity enhancement and thermal saturation elimination designs of battery thermal management system for phase change materials based on triply periodic minimal surface," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    9. Zichen, Wang & Changqing, Du, 2021. "A comprehensive review on thermal management systems for power lithium-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    10. Wu, Weixiong & Yang, Xiaoqing & Zhang, Guoqing & Ke, Xiufang & Wang, Ziyuan & Situ, Wenfu & Li, Xinxi & Zhang, Jiangyun, 2016. "An experimental study of thermal management system using copper mesh-enhanced composite phase change materials for power battery pack," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 909-916.
    11. Kahwaji, Samer & Johnson, Michel B. & Kheirabadi, Ali C. & Groulx, Dominic & White, Mary Anne, 2018. "A comprehensive study of properties of paraffin phase change materials for solar thermal energy storage and thermal management applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 1169-1182.
    12. Rajib Mahamud & Chanwoo Park, 2022. "Theory and Practices of Li-Ion Battery Thermal Management for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-45, May.
    13. Zhao, Yanqi & Zou, Boyang & Zhang, Tongtong & Jiang, Zhu & Ding, Jianning & Ding, Yulong, 2022. "A comprehensive review of composite phase change material based thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    14. Situ, Wenfu & Zhang, Guoqing & Li, Xinxi & Yang, Xiaoqing & Wei, Chao & Rao, Mumin & Wang, Ziyuan & Wang, Cong & Wu, Weixiong, 2017. "A thermal management system for rectangular LiFePO4 battery module using novel double copper mesh-enhanced phase change material plates," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 613-623.
    15. Giorgio Previati & Giampiero Mastinu & Massimiliano Gobbi, 2022. "Thermal Management of Electrified Vehicles—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-29, February.
    16. Rostami, Sara & Afrand, Masoud & Shahsavar, Amin & Sheikholeslami, M. & Kalbasi, Rasool & Aghakhani, Saeed & Shadloo, Mostafa Safdari & Oztop, Hakan F., 2020. "A review of melting and freezing processes of PCM/nano-PCM and their application in energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    17. Chen, Kai & Wu, Weixiong & Yuan, Fang & Chen, Lin & Wang, Shuangfeng, 2019. "Cooling efficiency improvement of air-cooled battery thermal management system through designing the flow pattern," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 781-790.
    18. Hong Shi & Mengmeng Cheng & Yi Feng & Chenghui Qiu & Caiyue Song & Nenglin Yuan & Chuanzhi Kang & Kaijie Yang & Jie Yuan & Yonghao Li, 2023. "Thermal Management Techniques for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Phase Change Materials: A Systematic Review and Prospective Recommendations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-23, January.
    19. Huang, Yi-Huan & Cheng, Yi-Xin & Zhao, Rui & Cheng, Wen-Long, 2020. "A high heat storage capacity form-stable composite phase change material with enhanced flame retardancy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    20. Hussain, Abid & Tso, C.Y. & Chao, Christopher Y.H., 2016. "Experimental investigation of a passive thermal management system for high-powered lithium ion batteries using nickel foam-paraffin composite," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P1), pages 209-218.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:159:y:2022:i:c:s1364032122001307. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.